Mbiri ya HIV
Mliri wa AIDS unali-ndipo ena angatsutsebebebe-vuto lalikulu la thanzi la padziko lonse la mbiri yamakono. Ngakhale miliri zina zinali zofalikira komanso zakupha (pakati pa chifuwa chachikulu ndi malungo), mafunde oyandama a imfa omwe anawidwa ndi Edzi analibe kale.
Pazaka zochepa chabe, tawona imfa yokhudzana ndi Edzi imachokera ku mahandiredi mazana angapo a amuna achiwerewere ku US kwa mazana mazana ambiri kudera lakutali kwa dziko lapansi.
Mfundo yakuti sitinayambe tawonapo matenda ngati awa ndipo sitingadziwe njira yothetsera izo zowonjezera kuwonjezeka kwowopsya pakati pa anthu ndi anthu omwe amapanga malamulo mofanana.
Kuchokera ku "Chilango cha Imfa" ku Moyo Wachibadwa
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, HIV / AIDS inakhala chiwerengero chimodzi cha imfa pakati pa anthu a ku America a zaka zapakati pa 24 ndi 45. Pofika chaka cha 1999, idatha kudwala matenda ena onse monga imfa yaikulu ku Africa komanso chifukwa chachinayi cha imfa padziko lonse .
-
'Zero Woleza Mtima' Anachotsedwa Kuyamba Kulimbana ndi Mliri wa AIDS wa US
-
Chifukwa Chake Tsiku la Edzi Dziko Lonse Ndilofunika Kwambiri Nthawi Zonse
Komabe, chifukwa cha mantha ndi mkwiyo wonse, matendawa adayambitsa, HIV inasintha malo enieni a sayansi ndi ndale monga tikudziwira. Icho chinapangitsa ntchito yachipatala ku mizu ya makolo ake kupita ku imodzi yomwe idalimbikitsa ufulu ndi chitetezo cha odwala. Icho chinakakamiza kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane kayendetsedwe ka mankhwala polimbikitsa ochita kafukufuku kukhala ndi zida zambiri zamakono ndi zachilengedwe zomwe timazitenga lero.
Mfundo yeniyeni yakuti kachilombo ka HIV kanatha kukhala matenda oopsa kwambiri omwe munthu angathe kukhala nawo wathanzi, moyo wathanzi ndi wosadabwitsa. Komabe, tili ndi njira yayitali kuti tipite ndi maphunziro ambiri kuti tiphunzire tisanathe kuganizira za vutoli.
Ndikuyang'ana kumbuyo kuti titha kumvetsa mavuto omwe tikukumana nawo pamene tikupita ku HIV kuti tipeze kanthu.
1981
Mu Meyi, bungwe la US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) linanena kuti amuna asanu achiwerewere ku Los Angeles, CA anali ndi kachilombo kochepa kamene kamatchedwa pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) komanso matenda ena ambiri omwe amagwirizana ndi kugwidwa kwa mthupi dongosolo. Panthawi imene lipotilo linamasulidwa, amuna awiri anali atamwalira kale.
Pofika chaka cha December, 270 milandu yofananayi inalembedwa ndi zomwe ochita kafukufuku adazitcha GRID (kapena kuchepa kwa chiwerewere). Mwa omwe adadziwika, 112 anafa ndi matendawa mkati mwa chaka.
1982
Pamene matendawa anayamba kufalikira kunja kwa amuna okhaokha kwa anthu ena, CDC inanena kuti AIDS (kapena kuti imapezeka matenda a chitetezo cha mthupi) ku vutolo la thanzi la anthu, kufotokozera ngati matenda "akupezeka mwa munthu wopanda chidziwitso chotsutsa ku matendawa. "
1983
Ofufuza pa Pasteur Institute ku France, kuphatikizapo Françoise Barré Sinoussi ndi Luc Montagnie , adapeza kachilombo ka retrovirus komwe kanapanga kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi (LIVphadenopathy associated virus) ndipo anandiuza kuti icho chikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha AIDS.
Pamene matendawa adapitirira kufalikira kunja kwa mchitidwe wa chiwerewere, CDC inatsimikizira kuti kugonana ndi kuika magazi ndi njira ziwiri zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito HIV.
1984
Wofufuzira wa ku America Robert Gallo analengeza kuti anatulukira kachilombo ka HIV kotchedwa HTLV III (kachilombo ka T-Tropic) komwe amakhulupirira kuti ndiye chifukwa cha AIDS. Chilengezocho chinayambitsa mkangano ngati ngati malamulo a LAV ndi HiTLV-III ali ndi kachilombo kofanana ndi dziko lomwe liri ndi ufulu wovomerezeka.
Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka, akuluakulu a ku San Francisco adalamula kuti anthu asamalowe malo ogona azimayi, omwe amaonedwa kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino poyang'anizana ndi kukula kwa matenda komanso imfa pakati pa amuna amasiye.
1985
Mu Januwale, CDC inanena kuti Edzi idayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka HIV kamene kamangodziwika kumene, kenaka patapita kanthawi kochepa ndikumva kuti US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inavomereza kuti kachilombo koyambitsa kachirombo ka HIV koyamba kamatha kuzindikira kachilombo ka HIV.
Panthawi imeneyi, anapeza kuti Ryan White, wachinyamata wa ku Indiana, anakana kupita ku sukulu yake ya sekondale atalandira AIDS kuika magazi.
Patapita miyezi iŵiri, woimba nyimbo wotchedwa Rock Hudson anamwalira ndi matenda okhudzana ndi Edzi, pokhala munthu woyamba kutchuka kuti afe ndi matendawa.
Cholinga cha Chikumbutso cha Edzi chinayambika ndi Cleve Jones wofuna kuchita nawo ntchito kukumbukira miyoyo yomwe inataya kachirombo ka HIV. Gawo lirilonse la 3x5 lapafupi linapereka msonkho kwa mmodzi kapena anthu ambiri amene anafa ndi matendawa.
1986
Mu May, Komiti ya International Taxonomy ya Virus inafotokozera zomwe zinagwirizana kuti kachilombo kamene kamayambitsa matenda a Edzi kadzatchedwa HIV (kapena kachilombo ka HIV) .
1987
Larry Kramer wa ku America adayambitsa ACT UP (AIDS Coalition ku Unleash Power) ku New York, NY kuti awonetsere kuti boma silinayambe kulimbana ndi vuto la AIDS ku America.
Pakalipano, US ndi France adavomereza kuti malamulo a LAV ndi HTLV-III analidi odwala omwewo ndipo adagwirizana nawo kugawana ufulu wa chibadwidwe, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zopitilira kufufuza za Edzi.
Pofika mwezi wa March, FDA inavomereza AZT (zidovudine) ngati mankhwala oyamba opatsirana pogonana omwe amatha kuchiza HIV. Posakhalitsa, adagwirizananso kuti athandize njira yothandizira mankhwala, kuchepetsa nthawi yowonongeka kwa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu.
-
Kodi Ndi Nthawi Yopuma "AIDS" kuchokera ku HIV / AIDS?
HIV ku China - HIV Padziko Lonse - AIDS mu China
1988
Elizabeth Glaser, mkazi wa Starsky & Hutch nyenyezi Paul Michael Glaser, adayambitsa matenda a AIDS Foundation (pambuyo pake adatchedwanso Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation) atalandira kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a magazi. Posakhalitsa chikondi chinakhala olemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ofufuza ndi chisamaliro cha Edzi .
Tsiku la Edzi la Edzi linawonetsedwa kwa nthawi yoyamba pa December 1st.
1989
Pofika mu August, CDC inanena kuti chiwerengero cha milandu ya AIDS ku US chafika pa 100,000.
1990
Mnyamata wina wa ku Indiana, dzina lake Ryan White, adafa chifukwa cha zionetsero zotsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma. Bungwe la US Congress linayankha mwa kuvomereza Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resource Emergency Act (CARE) Act ya 1990, yokonzedwa kuti ipereke ndalama kuzipatala zokhudzana ndi HIV ndi anthu ogwira ntchito.
1992
AIDS inakhala nambala imodzi yomwe imayambitsa imfa kwa amuna a ku America a zaka zapakati pa 24 ndi 45.
1993
CDC inafotokoza tanthauzo la Edzi kuti ikhale ndi anthu omwe ali ndi CD4 chiwerengero choposa 200. Pa June, Pulezidenti Bill Clinton adasindikiza lamulo lololeza kuletsa anthu onse omwe ali ndi HIV.
1994
Edzi ndi imene inayambitsa imfa pakati pa anthu onse a ku America a zaka zapakati pa 24-45.
Pakalipano, zotsatira za zozizwitsa za ACTG 076 zinasulidwa, zomwe zinasonyeza kuti AZT yoperekedwa kale asanakwane kubereka kungathe kuchepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo cha HIV kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana pamene ali ndi mimba . Zotsatirazo zinatsatidwa mwamsanga ndi kupereka kwa malangizo oyambirira ochokera ku US Public Health Service (USPHS) akuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito AZT kwa amayi apakati omwe ali ndi HIV.
1995
The FDA inavomereza Inivirase (saquinivir), yoyamba mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogonana. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa protease inhibitors kunayamba m'nthawi ya HAART (mankhwala opatsirana kwambiri a antiretroviral) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochezera a HIV kapena atatu.
Kumapeto kwa chaka, anthu okwana 500,000 a ku America adanenedwa kuti ali ndi HIV.
1996
A FDA amavomereza mayeso a chiwopsezo choyambirira cha mavairasi omwe amatha kuyeza mlingo wa HIV m'magazi a munthu komanso kachilombo ka HIV koyambirira komanso mankhwala oyamba omwe si a nucleoside omwe amatchedwa Viramume (nevirapine).
M'chaka chomwecho, a USPHS adalangiza zoyamba za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogonana pofuna kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha anthu omwe mwadzidzidzi ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa. Malangizo a USPHS kwa post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) ndiwo maziko a chithandizo chopewa chithandizo pa nkhani zogonana, kugwiriridwa, kapena mwangozi wa magazi.
Chigawo cha Chikumbutso cha Edzi, chokhala ndi mapangidwe oposa 40,000, chinaikidwa pa National Mall ku Washington, DC ndipo chinaphimba nthawi yonse ya paki.
1997
CDC inanena kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa HAART kwathandizira kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda okhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi imfa, chifukwa chiwerengero cha anthu akufa chimafa ndi 47 peresenti poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha.
Pakalipano, Pulogalamu ya United Nations pa HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS) inanena kuti pafupifupi anthu mamiliyoni 30 adayambitsidwa ndi HIV padziko lonse, ndipo kum'mwera kwa Africa akuwerengera pafupifupi theka la matenda onse atsopano.
1998
CDC inapereka malangizo oyambirira a chithandizo cha kachirombo ka HIV mu April, pamene Khoti Lalikulu la United States linagamula kuti anthu a ku America omwe ali ndi zolemala (ADA) Act anaphimba anthu onse omwe ali ndi HIV.
1999
Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) linanena kuti kachilombo ka HIV ndi kumene kunayambitsa imfa ku Africa komanso chifukwa chachinayi cha imfa padziko lonse lapansi. WHO inanenanso kuti anthu mamiliyoni 33 adatengedwa kachilombo kuyambira chiyambi cha mliriwu komanso kuti oposa 14 miliyoni anafa chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana ndi HIV.
2000
Msonkhano wa XIII Wadziko Lonse wa Edzi ku Durban, South Africa unagwirizana kwambiri pamene pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki , mu gawo loyamba, adatsutsa zoti HIV imayambitsa AIDS. Pa nthawi ya msonkhano, South Africa inali (ndipo ikupitiriza kukhala nayo) anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi HIV padziko lonse lapansi.
2002
Global Fund yolimbana ndi Edzi, Chifuwa chachikulu, ndi Malaria inakhazikitsidwa ku Geneva, Switzerland pofuna kupereka ndalama ku mapulogalamu a HIV m'mayiko osauka. Panthawi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa, matenda opatsirana atsopano 3.5 miliyoni anauzidwa ku sub-Saharan Africa yekha.
Panthawiyi, pofuna kuyesa kuyesa kachirombo ka HIV ku US, a FDA adavomereza kuti kuyesa magazi koyambitsa magazi koyamba kumatha kupereka zotsatira mwa mphindi makumi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi (99.6%) molondola.
2003
Pulezidenti George HW Bush adalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Pulezidenti wa Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), yomwe idakhala njira yaikulu yopezera ndalama za HIV ndi dziko limodzi lopereka. Mosiyana ndi Global Fund, yomwe inapatsa mayiko mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito momwe ndalamazo zingagwiritsire ntchito, PEPFAR adayankha njira zowonjezereka za kuyang'anira ndondomeko ndi ndondomeko.
Chiyeso choyamba cha katemera wa HIV , pogwiritsa ntchito katemera wa AIDVAX, sichimalepheretsa kuchepetsa matenda pakati pa ophunzira. Ichi chinali choyambirira cha mayesero ambiri omwe katemera wa katemera omwe sanathe kupeza chitetezo chokwanira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapenanso amene akufuna kupewa matendawa.
Panthawiyi, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, a Viread (tenofovir) , adavomerezedwa ndi FDA. Mankhwalawa, omwe adasonyezedwa kukhala ogwira mtima ngakhale kwa anthu omwe amatsutsa kwambiri mankhwala ena a kachilombo ka HIV, adasunthira msangamsanga ku mndandanda wa mndandanda wa mankhwala wokondedwa wa US.
2006
Malingana ndi WHO, anthu oposa 1 miliyoni adayikidwa pa mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito ma antiretroviral, owonjezereka patsiku khumi kuchokera pamene polojekiti ya Global Fund ndi PEPFAR inayambitsidwa.
M'chaka chomwecho, ofufuza a National Institutes of Health (NIH) adanena kuti mayesero a zachipatala ku Kenya ndi Uganda anaimitsidwa atatsimikiziridwa kuti mdulidwe wa amuna ukhoza kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha munthu kutenga kachilombo ka HIV ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu (53%).
Mofananamo, CDC inayitanitsa kuti anthu onse azaka 13 mpaka 64 ayesedwe kachirombo ka HIV , kuphatikizapo kuyesa kwa chaka chimodzi anthu omwe amawoneka kuti ali pachiopsezo chachikulu.
2007
CDC inati anthu 565,000 a ku America afa ndi HIV kuyambira pachiyambi cha mliriwu. Zinanenenso kuti chiwerengero cha amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna omwe akugonana ndi amuna omwe akugonana ndi amuna , chiwerengero cha amuna omwe ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 13 ndi 18, chimawonjezereka.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri chinali chakuti anthu okwana 1.2 miliyoni a ku America akuganiza kuti amakhala ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi, pafupifupi 20 mpaka 25 peresenti anakhalabe osadziŵa kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV.
2008
Timothy Brown, wotchuka kwambiri wotchedwa " Wodwala ku Berlin ," adanenedwa kuti adachiritsidwa kachilombo ka HIV atalandira kachilombo koyesa maselo. Ngakhale kuti ndondomekoyi inkawoneka kuti ndi yoopsa komanso yotsika mtengo kuti ikhale yothandiza pa thanzi la anthu, izi zinapangitsa maphunziro ena kuyembekezera kubwereza zotsatira.
2010
Boma la Obama linathetsa kuti boma la United States lilowe m'dziko la United States.
Mu November, ofufuza a IPrEx Study adanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku mankhwala osokoneza bongo Truvada (tenofovir + emtricitabine) kunachepetsera chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV amuna osagonana ndi HIV ndi 44 peresenti. Ndilo phunziro loyamba lovomereza kugwiritsa ntchito pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha HIV mwa anthu omwe sali ndi HIV.
2011
Phunziro la HPTN 052 linatchulidwa kuti Kupita kwa Chaka ndi Science Magazine pambuyo powonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi omwe amakhala ochepa pa 96 peresenti yofalitsa kachilombo ka HIV kwa wokondedwa yemwe alibe kachilombo ka HIV . Phunziroli linatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito Chithandizo monga Prevention (TasP) monga njira zothetsera kufala kwa kachirombo ka HIV m'mabanja omwe ali osokonezeka.
2012
Ngakhale kuti anthu odwala kachilombo ka HIV adasinthidwa, akuluakulu a zaumoyo ku South Africa adanena kuti chiwerengero cha matenda atsopano chawonjezeka pa chaka chatha ndi 100,000, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata.
A FDA adavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito Truvada kwa PrEP . Idafika nthawi imene US adalemba zatsopano zoposa 50,000, zomwe zinali zitasinthika kuyambira 2002.
2013
Purezidenti Barack Obama anasaina lamulo la HIV / Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act , lomwe limalola kuti ziwalo za munthu wopereka kachilombo ka HIV apereke kwa wolandira kachilombo ka HIV.
UNAIDS inalengeza kuti chiwerengero chatsopano cha kachilombo ka HIV m'mayiko omwe ali ochepa mpaka pakati adatsika ndi 50 peresenti chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma ARV. Ananenanso kuti anthu pafupifupi 35.3 miliyoni ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV.
A FDA adavomereza Tivicay (dolutegravir) ya integrase ya mankhwala omwe amasonyeza kuti alibe zotsatirapo zochepa komanso amakhalabe ndi moyo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mankhwalawa anafulumira kupita ku mndandanda wa mndandanda wa mankhwala okhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV.
2014
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Affordable Care Act (ACA) kwonjezera inshuwalansi ya umoyo kwa anthu omwe poyamba anakana kulengeza. Lamulo lisanayambe kugwira ntchito, osakwana amodzi ku America omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV anali ndi inshuwalansi yathanzi.
Pakalipano, asayansi ku yunivesite ya Oxford akufufuza mbiri yakale ndi mbiri, adatsimikizira kuti kachilombo ka HIV kanayambira ku Kinshasa ku Democratic Republic of Congo. Zimakhulupirira kuti mtundu wosakanizidwa wa virusi wa simian immunodefiency (SIV) unadumpha kuchokera ku Pan troglodytes troglydytes chimpanzi kwa munthu chifukwa cha kuika magazi kapena kumeza nyama zakutchire.
2015
Nthawi Yophunzitsira Chithandizo cha Antiretroviral (START) Phunziro inatulutsidwa kwa nthumwi ku msonkhano wa International AIDS Society ku Vancouver, Canada. Phunziroli, lomwe linasonyeza kuti kachilombo ka HIV komwe kanaperekedwa panthaŵi yomwe amadziwa kuti matendawa akhoza kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda aakulu ndi 53 peresenti .
Patapita miyezi inayi, bungwe la WHO linapereka malangizo othandizira kulandira chithandizo cha HIV panthawi ya matenda osayang'ana, mosasamala za CD4 count, malo, ndalama, kapena siteji ya matenda. Analimbikitsanso kugwiritsa ntchito PrEP kwa omwe ali pachiopsezo chotenga HIV.
Pa Tsiku la Edzi la Edzi, CDC inanena kuti chaka chilichonse matenda a HIV ku US anali ataponyedwa ndi asanu ndi anayi peresenti, ndipo anthu omwe anali amuna kapena akazi anzawo a ku Africa amachepetsa kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anyamata achichepere adakali pachiopsezo chachikulu chotenga kachilomboka pamene abambo am'dziko la African American akudziwika kuti ali ndi mwayi wokwana HIV / 50pakati pa moyo wawo wonse.
Pa 21st December, a FDA "adakweza" zaka 30 zaleredwe kalelo zopereka magazi kuchokera amuna achiwerewere ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chigamulocho chinakwiyitsa anthu ochita za AIDS , omwe anatsutsa chisankho cha FDA cholola amuna okhawo amene sanagonane chaka chimodzi kuti apereke, akutsimikizira kuti chisankhocho chinali chosasamala ndipo palibe choletsedwa.
2016
Malinga ndi bungwe la WHO, anthu 38.8 miliyoni anali ndi kachirombo ka HIV ndipo anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 22 anafa chifukwa cha zochitika za HIV kuyambira chiyambi cha mliriwu.
Ndi umboni wakuti chithandizo chonse cha HIV chingathetseretu matenda, bungwe la United Nations linayambitsa njira 90-90-90 pofuna kudziwa 90 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, kupereka 90 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, ndikuonetsetsa kuti 90% anthu omwe adalandira mankhwalawa adatha kupindula ndi mavairasi osadziwika.
> Chitsime:
> Dipatimenti ya US Health and Human Services (DHHS). "Mndandanda wa HIV / AIDS." Ofesi ya Mlembi Wathandizira wa Health and Office wa Wothandizira Mlembi wa Zamalonda; Washington, DC; September 18, 2016.