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Pa December 22, 2015, bungwe la US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) linakonzanso lamulo la zaka makumi asanu ndi ziwiri loletsa amuna achiwerewere kuti asapereke magazi chifukwa cha zomwe amawona kuti ndizoopsa kwa HIV .
Mu ndondomeko zawo zowonongeka, gulu la FDA tsopano likulola amuna omwe ali ndi chiwerewere omwe sanagonepo ndi miyezi 12 yapitayi kuti apereke, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa polemba mafunso olembedwa.
Amuna ena achiwerewere, kuphatikizapo omwe agwiritsira ntchito makondomu , adzapitirira kuletsedwa.
Ngakhale kuti ena awona kuti ndilo gawo loyamba lokhazikitsa ndondomeko ya zaka 32, anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito zachipatala ndi akuluakulu azachipatala adalengeza kuti chigamulocho chadutsa nthawi ndi chisankho, makamaka chifukwa chakuti kachilombo ka HIV kakuyankhidwa pa mlandu wotsutsa- chifukwa cha ziwalo zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Atafunsidwa za chisokonezo ichi mu Januwale, a FDA adayankha kuti "zidzakhala zolemetsa kwambiri ku malo opereka magazi komanso zomwe zingachititse kuti anthu apereke ndalama zowonongeka," pomwe potsindika kuti "panalibe umboni wokwanira" wotsutsa kuchepetsa pa nthawi ya kuyembekezera kwa nthawi yonse.
Ena mwa otsutsawo a nthawi yayitali, American Medical Association, Red Cross, American Association of Blood Banks, American Association of Osteopaths, New York City Council ndi Komiti Yoona za Malamulo a Msonkhano ku California aliyense adayitanitsa kutha kwa Kuletsedwa panthaŵi imene mayiko ochulukirapo, kuphatikizapo Spain, Portugal, Italy ndi South Africa, atha kuletsa ziletso zawo zonse.
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Mu 1983, a FDA analimbikitsa kuti munthu aliyense amene wagonana ndi mwamuna wina kuyambira 1977 analetsedwa kupereka magazi kwa moyo wonse. Ndondomekoyi inakhazikitsidwa panthawi yomwe panalibe chithandizo kapena njira zowunika HIV . (Panali mu 1985, makamaka kuti kuyesa koyambitsa kachirombo ka HIV koyamba kunapatsidwa chilolezo ndi FDA ndipo mpaka 1987 kuti mankhwala oyamba opatsirana pogonana, AZT , adalandira chivomerezo.)
Ndithudi panthawiyo, ndi amuna okhwima omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, ambiri mwa anthu anali ndi kukayikira kwakukulu pankhani yolondola ya kuyesa kachilombo ka HIV pamene akuyang'ana magazi. Zomwezo zinali zovuta kwambiri pamene Ryan White , wachinyamata wa ku Indiana, analetsedwa kupita ku sukulu ya boma mu 1985 atapezeka kuti anapeza kachilombo ka HIV .
Mu 1990, a FDA adagonjetsanso anthu a ku Haiti-omwe amavutika kwambiri ndi mliriwu-akukangana kuti popeza kuti kachirombo ka HIV kanapatsirana kudzera mu kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zikanakhala zovuta kuti azindikire anthu omwe ali pangozi. Choletsedwacho chinachotsedwa pasanathe chaka chotsatira chiwonetsero chokwiyitsa cha anthu opanga 50,000 ku New York City.
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, pambuyo pobwera mankhwala othandizira odwala kachilombo ka HIV ndi kukhazikitsa kachilombo koyambitsa kachilombo ka HIV , anthu otsutsa anayamba kukayikira kuti lamuloli ndi lovomerezeka pamene mu 1995 chiwopsezo chotenga kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a HIV chinali pafupifupi 600,000 . Pofika chaka cha 2003, chiwopsezo chimenecho chinawoneka kuti chinali pafupi 1 miliyoni 1.8 miliyoni.
Komanso, kuchokera mu 1999 mpaka 2003, anthu atatu okha ku America omwe anapezeka ndi magazi okwana mamiliyoni 2.5 adatsimikiziridwa kuti adalandira kachilombo ka HIV kuchokera ku kuika magazi mwachitsulo.
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Mpaka pano, mayiko ambiri ali ndi malamulo ofanana ndi a US, kuphatikizapo Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Japan, Sweden ndi United Kingdom. Ena ambiri akhalabe ndi maboma osatha, pakati pawo Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece ndi Germany.
Otsatira ndondomeko ya FDA (kuphatikizapo Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ya Umoyo ndi Ufulu wa Anthu ku United States, omwe adalimbikitsa kuti pakhale chaka chimodzi chotsutsa), akunena kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali ndi chiwerewere ku United States akupitirirabe, za matenda atsopano chaka chilichonse.
Ngakhale kuti akuvomereza ziwerengerozi, otsutsa adanena kuti amuna omwe ali ndi chiwerewere ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuphatikizapo omwe adalandira kachilombo ka HIV pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, amaimira osachepera 57 peresenti ya anthu a ku America mamiliyoni 1.1 omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, ndiloledwa kwambiri komanso osaganiza bwino.
Amapitiriza kunena kuti kusagwirizana kwa chigamulo cha FDA, kufunsa momwe kutsegulira kwa chaka chimodzi-kutsimikiziridwa ndi zosavuta zolemba mafunso-kungapereke chizindikiro chodziwikiratu poyerekezera ndi, nkuti, mwamuna wamwamuna yemwe ali ndi chibwenzi chokhazikika pakati pawo? Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti amuna achiwerewere mwinamwake amatha kunama zazochita zogonana kusiyana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha?
Kuonjezera apo, malangizowo omwe amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amaletsedwa ngati atakhala ndi chizindikiro, khutu kapena kupyola thupi m'chaka chatha-kutanthauza kuti ntchitoyi imakhala ndi chiwonongeko chofanana monga kugonana-chakumana ndi chisokonezo chonse. Ngakhale kuti pangakhale zoopsa zapadera (ngakhale zosasamala), sipanakhalepo vuto limodzi lofotokozera mwa njira iliyonse, malinga ndi deta kuchokera ku Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu akhala akukangana kuti ndondomeko ya FDA imatsindika za chidziwitso cha chiopsezo osati zambiri zokhudza kugonana monga momwe zimakhalire ndi kugonana. Pochita zimenezi, zimasonyeza kuti amuna okhaokha, monga munthu aliyense, ali ndi mwayi wochita zinthu zoopsa kwambiri , zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizofunika kwambiri kuposa momwe amachitira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Ena, panthawiyi, amafunsa ngati mayankho a FDA kwenikweni ndi otetezeka a ndondomeko kapena njira ina yokha kukhazikitsira nthawi yoletsera moyo chifukwa chakuti mwamuna wa chiwerewere amagonana.
Ngakhale akuluakulu a FDA adanena kuti amuna kapena akazi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kugonana ndi ogwira ntchito zamagulu ogonana nawo amakhalanso ololedwa chaka chimodzi, palibe magulu awa omwe ayenera kukhala osakwanira kwa nthawi imeneyo.
Zotsatira
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Zowonongeka Zowonongeka Pochepetsa Kuopsa kwa Kugonjetsedwa Kwachibadwa kwa Munthu ndi Magazi ndi Magazi: Mafunso ndi Mayankho." Silver Spring, Maryland.
FDA. "Mtsogoleri wa FDA, Margaret A. Hamburg, ponena za ndondomeko yowononga magazi ya FDA kwa amuna omwe agonana ndi amuna." Silver Spring, Maryland; Lipoti la FDA linatulutsa December 23, 2014.
FDA. "Mafunso onena za FDA." Silver Spring, Maryland. .
Schreiber, G ;; Kuthamanga, M .; Kleinman, S .; et al. "Kuopsa kwa matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study." New England Journal of Medicine . June 27, 1996; 334 (26): 1685-1690.
Cosgrove-Mather, B. "Magazi omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV amachititsa awiri ku Florida." CBS News; inafalitsidwa pa June 19, 2002.