Musayambe kutenga matenda kuchokera ku magazi.
Ku US, opereka magazi ndi magazi awo amawonetsedwa mosamalitsa kuti asatenge kachilombo ka matenda.
Palibe chabwino, koma zoopsa ndizochepa. Matenda atsopano, matenda operewera amatha kuganiza - kapena labu sizingwiro.
Pali magazi ambiri operekedwa ku US chaka chilichonse. Mamiliyoni 9.5 amapereka magazi.
Izi ndi pafupifupi 1 am 33 Achimereka chaka chilichonse. 5 miliyoni amalandira kuwonjezereka kwoposa 14 miliyoni pachaka.
Padziko lonse lapansi, sikuti magazi onse amayesedwa komanso tikhoza kutero. Malinga ndi bungwe la WHO, mu 2012, mayiko 39 sakuyesa zopereka zonse zomwe zimayambitsa matenda opatsirana kwambiri (HIV, Hep B, Hep C, syphilis) ndipo pafupifupi theka la zopereka m'mayiko osauka amayesedwa m'malabhu okhala ndi chitsimikizo cha khalidwe, kutanthawuza kuti panali kuyesa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zotsatira za labu zikuyenera kukhala zolondola.
Ndi matenda ati omwe amayesedwa?
Ku United States matendawa akuyesedwa ndi mayesero awa:
- Mabakiteriya - Bacterial Culture
- Chiwindi cha chiwindi B - Mpweya wa B pamwamba pa antigen ndi pakati
- Hepatitis C - Hep C antibody ndi nucleic acid amplification test (NAT)
- HIV - HIV-1 ndi HIV-2 anti-nucleic acid amplification (NAT) ya HIV-1
- HTLV - HTLV-I ndi HTLV-II antibody
- Kachilombo - Anti-treponemal (syphilis) antibody detection
- Ma Virusi a West Nile - NAT ya Virus ya West Nile
Chagas amayesa magazi pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero a Trypanosoma cruzi . Kwa odwala ena a CMV (odwala matenda osamalidwa kapena osakanizidwa) magazi amayesedwa kwa CMV.
Babesia, tizilonda toyambitsa matenda, ndi chimodzi mwa matenda omwe amapezeka mwadzidzidzi ku US ngati kuyesa sikunali kofala.
Zingatheke mosavuta pamene zipezeka ndipo matendawa amakhala ofatsa. Zochitika zina - kuimira chiwerengero chochepa cha kuikidwa magazi - zakhala zikuchitika ndipo ndizofala kwambiri zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha imfa yomwe imapezeka ndi matenda opatsirana.
Kodi zopereka zili zotani?
Pali mafunso ochuluka owonetsetsa kuti asapereke ndalama kwa omwe amapereka chithandizo kuti magazi asaphonye.
Ku US, opereka ndalama ayenera kuyembekezera kuti apereke magazi ngati ali ndi malungo, ali ndi maantibayotiki kapena mankhwala a TB, posachedwapa anali ndi katemera wamoyo (MMR - Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Chicken, Shingles, Yellow Fever, Polio, Hepatitis B, Chotupa). Amene adasungidwa kapena kundende m'ndende, kundende, ana amasiye kwa maola 72 ayenera kuyembekezera chaka chimodzi kuti apereke.
Muyenera kuyembekezera ngati chaka chatha, mwakhala ndi gonorrhea kapena syphilis, kuika magazi, kapena zolembera mu chimodzi mwa zinthu zambiri zomwe sizikugwiritsa ntchito katemera.
Magazi samayesedwa malungo. Muyenera kuyembekezera zaka zitatu ngati mwakhala mukudwala malungo kapena mumakhala zaka zisanu kapena zisanu m'dera lomwe muli malungo. Muyenera kuyembekezera chaka chimodzi ngati mwakhala kumalo omwe muli malungo.
Palinso zoletsedwa kwa amuna omwe agonana ndi amuna, omwe tsopano amaletsa malipiro a magazi kwa iwo omwe sanagonane chaka chatha.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti, amuna okhaokha saloledwa ndi malangizo a FDA kuti apereke magazi ngati agonana ndi mwamuna chaka chatha.
Simungapereke magazi ngati munagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kunja kwa mankhwala a dokotala, mwakhala mukugwira ntchito yogonana pogonana, kapena mwakhala nawo mu gulu limodzi la magulu akuluakulu a HIV.
Pofuna kupewa CJD, opereka ndalama saloledwa kutenga insulini kapena kuika magazi kuchokera ku UK. Simungapereke magazi ngati mutakhala ku UK kuchokera mu 1980-1996 kwa miyezi itatu sitingapereke, ngati iwo ankakhala kumadoko akuluakulu a US ku Ulaya kwa miyezi 6, kapena ku Ulaya kuyambira 1980 kwazaka zisanu.
Mphatso ya magazi siingakhoze kuchitika kawirikawiri. Mphatso yamagazi yonse masiku asanu ndi awiri (56), mapulateletti masiku asanu ndi awiri (mpaka nthawi 24 pachaka), plasma masiku onse 28 (mpaka 13 pa chaka)
Kodi Ngoziyi N'chiyani?
Kuopsa kwa HIV ndiko pafupifupi 1 miliyoni 2 miliyoni.
Chiopsezo cha Hepatitis B ndi pafupifupi 1 mwa 200,000 (Pezani katemera!)
Kuopsa kwa Heptitis C ndi pafupifupi 1 miliyoni 2 miliyoni.
Nthawi zonse anthu akhala akudandaula kuti matenda a Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD) - kapena Matenda a Mad Cow - adzafalitsidwa kudzera mwazi. Izi sizinaonekepo, koma kukhala osamalitsa, omwe angakhale atawululidwa (omwe amakhala kumadera kumene Matenda a Cow Akufalikira mwa zinyama) saloledwa kupereka magazi.
Kodi Ndili Matenda Ngati Ndikumva Kudwala Pamene Ndikumwa Magazi?
Kwenikweni, pali zambiri zomwe zimachitika ku magazi zomwe sizigwirizana ndi matenda. Izi zingawoneke ngati matenda koma chitetezo chanu cha mthupi chimakhudza magazi atsopano, osati mabakiteriya, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizirombo toyambitsa matenda kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Ambiri ali ndi zotsatira zokhudzana ndi magazi kapena zigawo zilizonse m'magazi - kuphatikizapo mankhwala kapena zakudya (monga ngakhale zowonjezera zomwe zimadya ndi wopereka).
Zotsatira zowonongekazi zikuphatikizapo
- malungo
- zovuta
- chikopa cha mtundu
- kunyoza
- kumenya mtima mwamsanga, kuthamanga kwa magazi
- vuto lopuma
- kukhala ndi nkhawa
- chifuwa kapena ululu wammbuyo
Izi zikhoza kukhala zofatsa. Izi zingakhalenso zovuta. Onetsetsani kuti mwamuuza namwino kapena adokotala mwamsanga ngati muli ndi zizindikiro izi. Zomwe zimachitika zimatha kuyang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri azaumoyo.
Palinso zochitika zina. Pangakhale kusintha kwa magazi, makamaka ngati kuyerekezera kwa magazi kunali kopanda ungwiro. Izi zingachititse thupi kuwononga maselo a magazi, kuchititsa hemolysis kapena kupezeka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi. Izi zikhoza kukhala zovuta kwambiri (Zochitika Zachilengedwe Zowonongeka Kwambiri) kapena kuchedwa (Zomwe zinachitidwa ndi Hemolytic Transfusion reaction). Pangakhalenso kuvulala kwa m'mapapo (kuwonongeka kwa mapapo a m'mapapo) komanso zosiyana siyana.
Kodi Alipo Matenda?
Magazi sanali nthawi zonse otetezeka. Kuyesedwa kwatsopano kwasintha izi. Nkhani yoyamba ya kachilombo ka HIV kudzera m'magazi inadziwika mu 1982. Pofika chaka cha 2001, akuganiza kuti anthu 14,262 adapezeka ndi AIDS chifukwa cha kuikidwa magazi. Mayiko ena anachedwa kuyesa ngakhale patapita nthawi - kuyesa kunali kosakwanira ku Japan ndi Germany patapita nthawi mayiko ena adayamba kukhala ndi kachilombo ka magazi.
Palibe amene adapezeka kuti ali ndi HIV-2 kuchokera kuikidwa magazi ku US. Magazi amayesedwa kwa ma antibodies, osati kwa kachilombo kaye chifukwa matendawa ndi osowa kwambiri ku US. Anthu 4 okha opereka magazi amapezeka kuti ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV kuyambira mu 1998.
Palinso milandu ya Virus ya West Nile (yoyamba inalembedwa mu 2002) ndipo Chagas imafalitsidwa mwa kuika magazi m'mbuyomo.