Mayesero otsatilawa amapereka mwamsanga, zowonjezereka zotsatira
Ngati kachilombo ka HIV kakukayikira, kawirikawiri amapezeka ndi mayesero omwe amatha kuona maselo otchedwa antibodies ndi / kapena antigen m'magazi kapena m'matumbo.
An antibody ndi mtundu wa mapuloteni omwe amadziwika ndi maselo oyera omwe amatha kuzindikira ndi kuwononga matupi achilendo monga mavairasi kapena mabakiteriya. An antigen, mosiyana, ndi chinthu chilichonse chimene chingayambitse chitetezo cha mthupi mwa mawonekedwe a antibodies (monga zimachitikira ndi HIV).
Mayesero omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kutsimikizira kuti kachilombo ka HIV adakonzedwa kuti achite ndi awa. Chotsatira "chabwino" chimatanthawuza kuti kachilombo koyambitsa matenda / kachilombo ka HIV kapezeka ndi kuti matendawa achitika. Chotsatira "chosasangalatsa" chimatanthauza kuti palibe antibodies / antigen omwe apezeka ndipo kuti kachilombo ka HIV sikanachitike.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, "chinyengo" ndi pamene mayesero amasonyeza kuti ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa kachilombo ka HIV, pamene "chinyengo" ndi pamene mayeso amasonyeza kuti palibe vuto lomwe lachitika. Zonsezi ndizosawerengeka ndikugwiritsa ntchito mayeso omwe akuyesedwa.
Kumvetsetsa Nthawi ya Window
Anthu kawirikawiri amakhala ndi ziwerengero zowononga kachirombo ka HIV m'masiku 30 a matenda, ngakhale kuti ena angatenge nthawi yaitali-miyezi itatu nthawi zina. Mankhwala a HIV, mosiyanitsa, atenge masabata awiri kapena asanu kuti apange.
Izi zisanachitike, pali nthawi yomwe ma antibody / antigen mazinga ndi otsika kwambiri kuti asawoneke bwinobwino.
Izi zimatchedwa nthawi yawindo . Panthawiyi munthu yemwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV angathe kupatsirana kachilombo kwa ena, koma amakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa ngati atapatsidwa kachirombo ka HIV.
Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti mwapezeka ndi kachilomboka ndikukayikira ngati mwakhala mukupezeka kuti mwapezeka ndi kachilombo ka HIV, nkofunika kuti mugwire nawo dokotala wanu kapena malo oyesa.
Iwo amatha kuthandiza kudziwa ngati kachilombo ka HIV kamalowa mkati mwazenera kapena ngati chikhoza kuchitika moyenera.
Zizindikiro za Anti Antibody
Kachilombo ka HIV ELISA (immunosorbent testay) kamayesayesa ndi kansalu kovuta kwambiri kamene kamasintha mtundu pamene kachilombo ka HIV kamapezeka. Zotsatira zimapatsidwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali, ndi malemba pansi pa 1.0 akuwonetsa zotsatira zoipa ndi zoyenera pamwamba pa 1.0 zikuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino (kapena zowonongeka). Ngakhale kuti ELISA imakhala ndi mwayi waukulu wa kachilombo ka HIV, sichigwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati pakupezeka HIV.
Pamene mayeso a ELISA apanga zotsatira zabwino, kachilombo kachiwiri kotsutsa, kotchedwa Western Blot , kamagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira zotsatira. Pamodzi, a ELISA ndi a Western Blot akuwonetsedwa kuti ndi olondola 99.9 peresenti mu chiwerengero cha anthu onse a ku United States, ndi kuchuluka kwachinyengo kwa mayesero amodzi mwa 250,000 omwe anachita.
Nthaŵi zina, mayesero akhoza kubwerera ndi zotsatira zosadziwika kapena zosadziwika. Izi zikhoza kuchitika pa zifukwa zingapo:
- Matendawa mwina atha posachedwapa kuti aone bwinobwino.
- Mwina pangakhale mavuto ndi mayeso oyesera kapena njira yoyesera yokha.
- Matenda opatsirana ngati syphilis kapena matenda a Lyme nthawi zina amachititsa zotsatira zabwino zabodza, monga momwe zingakhalire ndi matenda monga lupus kapena shuga .
Ngati munthu ali ndi zotsatira zosagwirizana, mayesero ayenera kubwerezedwa.
Kusakaniza Antigen / Anti Antibody Test
Pa June 27, 2014, malo otsogolera odwala ndi kuteteza matendawa adalimbikitsa njira yatsopano yoyezetsa kachilombo ka HIV pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero okhudzana ndi matendawa. Mayeso atsopanowa amatha kuyesa ma antibodies (Ab) ndi ma antigen (Ag) komanso akhoza kutsimikizira kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV mpaka masabata anayi asanakhale ndi ELISA / Western Blot.
Pali mayeso awiri omwe amavomerezedwa ndi US Food and Drug Administration kuti agwiritse ntchito poyezetsa HIV: Alere Aganizire HIV 1/2 Ag / Ab Combo ndi Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag / Ab Combo.
Malingana ndi msinkhu wawo woyesera molondola, CDC imalimbikitsa njira zitatu izi:
- Pangani kuyesedwa koyambirira ndi zoyesera za Ag / Ab combo. Ngati zotsatirazo ndi zoipa, ndiye kuti palibe kuyesedwa kofunika.
- Ngati zotsatira zoyambazo ziri zabwino, yesetsani kachiyeso kachiwiri kuti muthe kusiyanitsa kachilombo ka HIV ndi 1 ndi kachirombo ka HIV , gawo lomwe likuwoneka kuti ndi lofunikira pozindikira njira ya mankhwala kwa munthu amene ali ndi HIV.
- Ngati zotsatira zachiwiri zili zolakwika, yesero lachitatu (lotchedwa HIV-1 NAT) lidzachitidwa kuti liwone kusiyana kwa kachilombo ka HIV-1 kuchokera ku zotsatira zoyipa zabodza . NAT ya HIV-1 imatha kudziwa kuti kachilombo ka HIV kamene kamakhala kochepa kamodzi kamodzi kapena milungu iwiri.
Chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa Ag / Ab test, kutsimikiziridwa mwa njira ya Western Blot sikufunikiranso.
Kufulumira Kwathu Kuyezetsa HIV
Kuyezetsa magazi mofulumira kunyumba ndizomwe zimayambitsa zotsatira za ELISA zomwe zingathe kupereka zotsatira mwa mphindi 20 (mosiyana ndi mayeso omwe ali ndi ELISA / Western Blot omwe angatenge masiku angapo). Mayeserowa amachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za sali, zomwe zotsatira zake zingakhale "zoipa" kapena "zoyambirira." Zinthu zoyambirira ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi Western Blot yopangidwa mu labata.
Mu 2012, a FDA adavomereza kuyesa koyambitsa kachilombo koyambirira koyambako kunyumba kwa ogulitsa. Ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndikupereka malumikizidwe kuti asamalire omwe amayesa chitsimikizo (kudzera pa ola limodzi la ola limodzi la maola 24), ena akudandaula kuti kusowa uphungu kwa maso ndi maso komanso kuperewera kwa chidziwitso chodziwitsidwa kungawononge chitetezo khama.
Kuwonjezera apo, pamene mayesero apakhomo amapereka chidwi chofanana ndi mayesero a kasamalidwe, kafukufuku wa zachipatala wasonyeza kuchuluka kolakwika kwa pafupifupi 7 peresenti (kapena pafupifupi imodzi mwa mayesero 12).
Kafukufuku wina wofalitsidwa ndi University of California, San Francisco wanena kuti mayesero ofulumira kwambiri a m'badwo wachinayi ali ndi zovuta zenizeni za padziko lonse lapansi pafupifupi 86 peresenti pozindikira molondola zokhudzana ndi kachilombo koyambitsa kachilombo ka HIV koma 54 peresenti yolondola povomereza sterostat pamayambiriro oyambirira, HIV.
Ndi umboni wokhutiritsa womwe ukusonyeza kuti matenda opatsirana akale amatha kuchepetsa mavuto ambiri a nthawi yaitali-kuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa malo osungiramo kachilombo komwe HIV imatha kupitirira kwa zaka makumi ambiri-kufunika kozindikiritsa bwino pamene matendawa akuwoneka kuti ndi koyenera.
Mawu Ochokera
Kusankha kukayezetsa HIV ndiyekha. Palibe imodzi yomwe ili yabwino kuposa ina ngati ikwaniritsa chimodzi mwa zifukwa ziwiri:
- Zimakuthandizani kuzindikira zinthu zanu zokha ngati mulibe kachilombo ka HIV kuti mutha kuzipewa mtsogolomu.
- Zimakugwirizanitsani ku chisamaliro ndi chithandizo chomwe mukuchifuna ngati mutabweretsanso zotsatira za HIV.
Kuti mupeze malo oyezetsa HIV pafupi ndi inu, gwiritsani ntchito malo opezeka pa intaneti pa HIV.gov.
Zotsatira:
Greenwald, J .; Burstein, G ;; Pincus, J .; et al. "Kupenda Mofulumira kwa Mayeso Odziwika Otsatira Kachilombo ka HIV." Malipoti Amakono Opatsirana Opatsirana. March 2006; 8 (2): 125-131.
Wowonjezera, C .; Louie, B ;; Facente, S .; et al. "Kuchita kwa Rapid Point-of-Care ndi Zoyesera za Laboratory kuti zikhale zovuta komanso zowononga kachilombo ka HIV ku San Francisco." PLOS | Mmodzi. December 12, 2013; DOI: 10.1371 / magazini.pone.0080629.
Branson, B ;; Owen, S .; Wesolowski, M .; et al. "Kuyezetsa Mapulogalamu Kuti Adziwe Zachilombo ka HIV: Maphunziro Otsindika." Zachigawo za US za Kuletsa ndi Kupewa Matenda (CDC). Atlanta, Georgia; inatulutsidwa pa June 27, 2014.