Mitsempha Yowonongeka Ikubwerera ku Mavuto Ofufuza
Imodzi mwazolepheretsa kuchiza kapena kupanga katemera wothandiza wa HIV ndizosiyana mitundu ya ma ARV. Ngakhale kuti mavairasi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito DNA iwiri kuti asinthire ndi ofunika, ma retrovirous monga kachirombo ka HIV amabwerera mmbuyo mwa kubwezeretsa kwawo (pogwiritsa ntchito RNA imodzi) ndipo sakhazikika. Chotsatira chake, kachilombo ka HIV kamakhala kotheka kusinthika- kutanthauza, pafupifupi, milioni kawiri kuposa maselo ogwiritsira ntchito DNA.
Pamene mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mavairasi imakhala yowonjezereka komanso yosiyana ndi tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa matenda a tizilombo timadutsa kuchokera kwa munthu ndi munthu. Ngakhale ambiri a hybrids akufa, ochepa omwe amakhalapo nthawi zambiri amatsutsa kwambiri kachilombo ka HIV ndipo, nthawi zina, kupita patsogolo kwa matenda.
Kusiyana kwa kachilombo ka HIV, kotero, kumapanga chinachake cha "cholinga chotsatira" kwa ochita kafukufuku, omwe ali ndi zovuta zatsopano (kuphatikizapo genetic) zomwe zimatha kukana kapena kusokoneza zowonongeka. Ena, monga momwe afufuza a ku Sweden amachitira ndi A3 / 02, amatha kuthetsa chitetezo cha mthupi mochuluka kwambiri kuposa mavuto omwe kale amadziwika.
Kodi HIV-1 ndi HIV-2 ndi chiyani?
Pali mitundu iwiri ya HIV: HIV-1 ndi HIV-2. HIV-1 imatengedwa ngati mtundu waukulu, womwe umayimira matenda ambiri padziko lapansi, pamene kachilombo ka HIV kamakhala kochepa kwambiri ndipo makamaka kakuyang'ana m'madera akumadzulo ndi pakati pa Africa.
Ngakhale kuti mitundu yonse ya kachirombo ka HIV ingayambitse AIDS , HIV-2 ndi yovuta kwambiri kufalitsa komanso yochepa kwambiri kuposa HIV.
Mmodzi mwa mitundu iyi ya HIV ndi magulu angapo, subtypes ("clades"), ndi sub-subtypes. Mosakayikira, mitundu ina yamagulu ndi mavitamini omwe amadziwika nawo adzapezeka kuti kufalikira kwa kachirombo ka HIV kukupitirirabe.
Magulu a HIV-1 ndi Zophatikizapo
HIV-1 imagawidwa m'magulu anayi: Gulu M (kutanthauza "lalikulu"); Gulu O (kutanthauza "kunja," kapena kupitirira kumene magulu ena amawoneka); ndi Gulu N (kutanthauza "osati M" ndi "Osali O"); ndi Gulu P (kutanthauza "kuyima"). Magulu anayi osiyana amagawidwa ndi mavitamini anayi osiyana siyana a simian (SIV) omwe amadziwika kuti amaperekedwa kuchokera kwa apes kapena chimpanzi kupita kwa munthu.
Gulu la HIV-1 M
Gulu la HIV-1 linali gulu loyamba lodziwikiratu ndipo lero likuyimira pafupifupi 90% mwa kachirombo ka HIV padziko lonse ndipo amapezeka pafupifupi mbali zonse za dziko. M'gulu lino muli magawo khumi, omwe angasamalike, mwa zina, kugawa kwawo ndi zotsatira zake pa magulu osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi chiopsezo .
- Subtype A: kuwonetseredwa kumadzulo kwa Africa ndipo imakhudza makamaka amuna ndi akazi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (IDUs).
- Subtype B: gawo lalikulu kwambiri ku Ulaya, America, Japan, Thailand ndi Australia, zomwe zikuimira pafupifupi matenda onse ku North America ndi pafupifupi 80% mwa onse ku Ulaya. Matenda amapezeka makamaka pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna (MSM) ndi IDU kusiyana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
- Gawo lachigawo C: Lomwe limatchulidwa kuti ndilo kachirombo ka HIV kamene kakuimira 48% mwa matenda onse padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso makamaka m'madera akumwera kwa Sahara, Africa ndi mbali zina za China.
- Subtype D: Kudzipatula makamaka ku East ndi Central Africa.
- Subtype E: subtype inangowoneka mu mawonekedwe ofanana ndi subtype A.
- Gawo laling'ono F: pakati pa zochepa za matenda omwe amawonedwa ku Central Africa, South America ndi Europe.
- Gulu lachigawo G: pakati pa ziwerengero zochepa za matenda omwe amapezeka m'madera ena a Africa ndi Europe.
- Subtype H: pakati pa ziwerengero zazing'ono za matenda omwe akupezeka ku Central Africa.
- Subtype J: adawona ku North, Central ndi West Africa, ndi ku Caribbean
- Subtype K: yokhazikika ku Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ndi Cameroon.
Gulu la HIV-1 O
Gulu la HIV-1 linapezeka m'chaka cha 1990 ndipo limaimira 1% mwazirombo zonse padziko lapansi.
Kagulu ka HIV kamakhala kokha ku Cameroon ndi mayiko ena aku Africa.
HIV-1 Gulu N
Gulu la HIV-1 linapezedwa mu 1998 ndipo, kachiwiri, lakhala likuwonetsedwa ku Cameroon ndi mavoti osachepera makumi asanu ndi awiri omwe akulembedwa mpaka lero.
Gulu la HIV-1 P
Gulu la HIV-1 ndilosawerengeka la kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a HIV, omwe amapezeka koyamba ku mayi wina wochokera ku Cameroon m'chaka cha 2009. Iwo amatha kusiyanitsa ndi gulu lina la kachirombo ka HIV pomwe chiyambi chake chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa SIV womwe umapezeka kumadzulo. Ngakhale kuti "P" adayikidwa kuti akhale ndi "chiwerengero" (mwachitsanzo, kuyembekezera kutsimikiziridwa kwa kachilombo koonjezera), kachiwiri kafukufukuyu anadziwika mu 2011 mwa munthu wa ku Cameroon.
Magulu a HIV-2
Ngakhale kuti matenda a HIV-2 adziwika kwina kulikonse, matendawa amapezeka ku Africa. Pakalipano pali magulu asanu ndi atatu a HIV, ngakhale kuti malemba a A ndi B okha ndiwo okhawo omwe amawoneka ngati mliri. Zikuoneka kuti kachilombo ka HIV kamakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yochokera ku mtundu wa SIV womwe umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu amodzi.
Gulu la HIV-2 limapezeka ku West Africa, ngakhale kuti maulendo apadziko lonse athandizidwa ndi zochitika zochepa zolembedwera ku US, Europe, Brazil ndi India. Mosiyana ndi izi, gulu la HIV-2 la B likutsekedwa kumadera a West Africa.
Zotsatira:
Sharp, P. ndi Hahn, B. "Chiyambi cha HIV ndi matenda a Edzi." Zozizira Zam'madzi Zochitika Pogwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala. September 2011; 1 (1): a006841.
Palm A .; Esbjörnsson, J .; Månsson, F .; et al. "Kupititsa patsogolo mwachangu kwa AIDS ndi imfa yokhudzana ndi Edzi pakati pa anthu amachititsa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV-1 A3 / CRF02_AG poyerekeza ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka A3." Journal of Infectious Diseases. March 1, 2014; 209 (5): 721-728.
Vallari, A .; Holzmayer, V .; Harris, B ;; et al. "Umboni wa kagulu kachilombo ka HIV P k Cameroon." Journal of Virology. February 2011; 85 (3): 1403-1407.
Abecasis, A .; Wensig, A .; Paraskevis, D .; et al. "Kugawanika kwa kachirombo ka HIV-1 ndi chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akupezeka kumene ku Ulaya akudwala matenda opatsirana kwambiri." Retrovirology. January 14, 2013; 10: 7; lembani: 10.1186 / 1742-4690-10-7.