Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa kachilombo ka HIV ndi matenda
HIV ndizofanana ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a munthu . Ndi mtundu wa kachilombo kamene kamasulidwa ndi asayansi monga retrovirus , yomwe imayambitsa matenda mwa kulandira ndi kupha maselo a magazi (omwe amadziwika ngati CD4 T-cells) pakati pa chitetezo cha mthupi. Pamene maselowa akufafanizidwa pang'onopang'ono, thupi limakhala lochepetseka kuteteza palokha ku matenda omwe amapezeka.
Edzi ndizomwe zimatchulidwa kuti ndi matenda omwe amatenga matenda a immunodeficiency. Ndilo gawo la kachilombo ka HIV komwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimasokonezeka, ndikusiya matupi awo kutsegula matenda osiyanasiyana omwe amatha kupha anthu omwe amadziwika kuti ndi opatsirana .
Momwemo, kachilombo ka HIV kangayambitsidwe ndi AIDS komanso zotsatira za matendawa.
Kodi Retrovirus Ndi Chiyani?
Retrovirus imatengedwa kuti "retro" chifukwa imasintha ma genetic. M'zinthu zambiri zamoyo, maselo a maselo amachokera ku DNA kupita ku RNA. Kachilombo ka HIV kamakhala kosiyana kwambiri chifukwa kamagwira ntchito mosiyana, pogwiritsa ntchito RNA yake yolemba kuti ikhale ndi DNA mkati mwa selo.
Izi zikachitika, DNA yomwe yatangotuluka kumene imalowetsedwa mu chipinda cha cell, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito makina ake kuti ikhale ndi makope ambiri, yomwe imatha kupha ndi kupha maselo ena ambiri.
HIV imakonda kwambiri maselo oyera a magazi omwe amatchedwa "mthandizi" T-cells Mmodzi mwa iwo ndi CD4 T-maselo, omwe ntchito yake imayambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi.
Mwa kuwononga maselo a chitetezo amenewa, HIV imachepetsa mphamvu ya thupi kuti izindikire ndi kuthetsa kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa, komanso magulu ena othandizira (mwachitsanzo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda).
Kodi N'chiyani Chimachitika Ngati Mukudwala HIV?
HIV imafalikira kudzera mu kugonana, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuika mwadzidzidzi mwazi, komanso kufalitsa kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana pamene ali ndi mimba.
HIV silingathe kuperekedwa kudzera mu thukuta, misonzi, misozi, nyansi, kapena mkodzo.
Pa kachilombo koyamba (pachimake) , kachilombo ka HIV kamayimba mwamphamvu, kulandira ndi kuwononga ma CD4 T-maselo ambiri. Poyankha, chitetezo cha mthupi mwa thupi chimakhala chogwira ntchito, ndipo kachilombo ka HIV kamayang'anitsitsa pang'onopang'ono.
Panthawi imeneyi, matendawa satha. M'malo mwake, zimalowa mu nthawi ya latency, yomwe ikhoza kukhalapo kuyambira zaka zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka 12. Panthawiyi, kachilombo ka HIV kamapitirizabe kubwereza mopepuka, kawirikawiri ndi zizindikiro zochepa za matenda . Ndipotu nthawi zambiri zimangokhalapo ngati kachilombo ka HIV kowoneka kuti munthu akuyamba kukayikira kuti ali ndi HIV. Panthawiyi, chitetezo cha mthupi chimakhala chosowa, nthawi zina kwambiri.
Kuwonjezera pa kuyendetsa kwaulere kachilombo ka HIV, kachilombo ka HIV kamene kamatchedwa provirus kadzalowetsa mumaselo ndi matenda a thupi lotchedwa zivomezi zobisika . Zida zobisikazi zimapereka kachilombo ka HIV powateteza kuti asaziteteze ku chitetezo cha mthupi. Ngakhale kachilombo ka HIV kamayang'aniridwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa kachilombo ka HIV , maguluwa amatha kupitirizabe, okonzeka kubweranso ngati kachilombo ka HIV kamene mankhwalawa satha kapena chitetezo cha m'thupi chimatha.
Kodi Chimachitika Ngati Munthu Akudziwika ndi Edzi?
Edzi si nthendayi payekha koma mmalo mwa chiopsezo cha HIV pamene chitetezo cha mthupi chimasokonezeka kwambiri. Mwachidziwitso, AIDS imatanthauzidwa ndi CD4 chiwerengero cha ma 200 pansi pa microliter (μL) kapena matenda a AIDS .
(Kawirikawiri CD4 imawerengera pakati pa pakati pa 800 mpaka 1600 maselo pa μL.)
Ngati osatulutsidwa, nthawi yomwe munthu amakhala ndi AIDS ali pakati pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndi isanu ndi iwiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mwana wa zaka 35 anayamba mankhwala opatsirana pogonana (ART) akhoza kupeza chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo chofanana ndi cha anthu ambiri , malinga ndi kafukufuku wochokera ku UK
Phunziro la Ogwirizanitsa HIV.
Pamapeto pake, chithandizo ndi chofunikira kwambiri pa kupeŵa matenda okhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa chitetezo cha mthupi. Ngakhale anthu omwe ali ndi matenda akuluakulu, kuyambitsidwa kwa ART kungalepheretse kuthetsa kachilombo ka HIV, motero amalola kuti maselo a CD4 T akhazikitsenso kufupi ndi nthawi zonse (komanso nthawi zina).
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kafukufuku wochokera ku US Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment (START) omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States anapeza kuti kuyambitsidwa kwa ART kwa 53 peresenti kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a HIV komanso omwe alibe HIV.
Chifukwa cha maphunzirowa ndi maphunziro ena, World Health Organisation (WHO) ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo za Umoyo ndi Ukhondo ku United States masiku ano amalimbikitsa kuti ntchito ya ART ichitike panthawi yomwe adziwa , mosasamala za CD4 count, stage of disease, malo, kapena ndalama.
Mayiko a HIV / AIDS
Popeza kuti adadziwika mu 1981, HIV yakhala ikufa chifukwa cha anthu opitirira 30 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Padziko lonse, pali anthu opitirira 35 miliyoni omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV lero, 69% mwa iwo ali kumwera kwa Sahara Africa.
Ku US, anthu pafupifupi 1.2 miliyoni ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, malinga ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kuchokera ku Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ku Atlanta. Mwa awa, 20-25% amawerengedwa kuti sanadziwike.
Ngakhale kuti kufalikira kwa mwayi wopita ku ART kwachepetsa kwambiri chiŵerengero cha imfa zokhudzana ndi Edzi , ku US ndi kunja, chiwerengero cha matenda atsopano chikukulira m'mayiko ambiri omwe akukula kwambiri, kuphatikizapo South Africa kumene chiwerengero cha HIV chikuwonjezeka ndi 100,000 kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2011 yokha.
Bungwe la WHO ndi United Nations likukonzekera kusintha njirayi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa polojekiti 90-90-90 , yomwe ikuwongolera kufalikira kwa ndondomeko zachipatala ndi:
- kutsimikizira kuti HIV ndi 90% mwa anthu onse omwe ali ndi HIV;
- kuika 90% pa iwo otsimikiziridwa pa mankhwala opatsirana pogonana, ndi;
- onetsetsani kuti 90 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi mankhwalawa amatha kukwaniritsa kuperewera kwathunthu kwa mavairasi .
Pochita zimenezo, akukhulupirira kuti chiwerengero cha matenda a padziko lonse chikhoza kuperewera kwa matenda ochepa chabe okwana 200,000 ndi tsiku lomaliza la 2030.
Zotsatira:
National Institutes of Health (NIH). "Kuyambitsa zolaula zowononga kachilombo ka HIV ndi zotsatira zowonongeka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV." Bethesda, Maryland; inatulutsidwa pa May 27, 2015.
Mayi, M .; Gompels, M .; ndi Sabin, C. "Moyo wa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa kachilombo koyambitsa kachilombo ka HIV (1-positive-positive approach) ndi ovomerezeka pazokambirana za mankhwala ochepetsa kachilombo ka HIV: Phunziro la Ogwirizanitsa HIV la UK." Journal of International AIDS Society. November 11, 2012; 15 (4): 18078.
Gulu Lophunzira la INSIGHT START. "Kuyambitsidwa kwa mankhwala opatsirana pogonana ku Antiymmetomatic HIV Infection." New England Journal of Medicine. July 20, 2015; DOI: 10.1056 / NEJMoa1506816.
Human Sciences Resource Council (HSRC). "Kuchuluka kwa HIV / AIDS, Kuchuluka kwa Anthu ndi Kuchita Kanthu, 2012." Pretoria, South Africa; December 2014.
United Nations Joint Program on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS). "Mwatsatanetsatane: Kuthetsa Mliri wa Edzi mu 2030." Geneva, Switzerland; adatulutsidwa pa December 1, 2014.