HIV Microscopy mu Zithunzi

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HIV Microscopy mu Zithunzi

Kupyolera mukugwiritsa ntchito makina osakanikirana a electron microscopy (SEM) ndi njira zina zojambula, asayansi ali ndi luso lapadera lofufuza kafukufuku wa ultrastructure wa kachirombo ka HIV ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe ali ndi HIV.

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Munthu Wathanzi T-Cell

Sitirojekiti ya electron micrograph ya T-lymphocyte yaumunthu (yomwe imatchedwanso T-selo) kuchokera ku chitetezo cha mthupi cha wopereka wathanzi.

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HIV yodwala HIV

Kachilombo ka electron micrograph ya CD4 ya kachilombo ka HIV. Kupanga mafilimu kumathandiza kumasiyanitsa kachilombo ka HIV kameneka (kasupe) pamene amachokera ku selo yodwala.

CD4 cell ndi mtundu wa maselo a T-lymphocyte (kapena T-cell) omwe ali ndi glycoprotein yotchedwa CD4 pamwamba pawo. Maselo amodzi amatchedwa "othandizira", CD4 samathetsa matenda, koma amachititsa kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chitengeke pa wothandizira. Powononga maselo a CD4, chitetezo cha mthupi chimapangika pang'onopang'ono, kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda opatsirana okhudzana ndi HIV .

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Kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a HIV (kachilomboka)

Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa CD4 selo ya HIV.

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Kukula kwa kachilombo ka HIV Kuchokera ku kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a CD4

Matenda a HIV amasonyezedwa ku budding ndi kumasulidwa kuchokera ku CD4 yodwala.

Pakapita nthawi kapena patangotha ​​kutuluka, virion imalowa mu msinkhu wotseketsa womwe mapulotali aatali a mapuloteni amadulidwa kukhala mapuloteni ogwira ntchito ndi mavitamini. Kukhalitsa thupi kumafunika kuti kachilombo kawopsedwe.

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Mycobacterium chifuwa chachikulu

Kachipangizo kakang'ono ka electron micrograph ya mabakiteriya a Mycobacterium tuberculosis , omwe amachititsa chifuwa chachikulu cha TB (TB). TB nthawi zambiri imawopsa m'mapapu, koma ziwalo zina za thupi zimatha. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1993, M. TB inasankhidwa ndi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monga chidziwitso cha Edzi .

Padziko lonse lapansi, TB ndi imene imayambitsa imfa pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV. Ku US, anthu 8,683 omwe ali ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha TB omwe anali ndi kachilombo ka HIV m'chaka cha 2011, 6% anali ndi coinfected ndi HIV.

_Kuchokera

_{Zachigawo za US za Kuletsa ndi Kupewa Matenda (CDC). "HIV ndi TB." Atlanta, Georgia; March 19, 2013.}

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Pneumocystis jiroveci

Nkhumba yochuluka ya siliva ya bowa la Pneumocystis jiroveci lokhazikika kuchokera ku kuthirira kwachangu.

Pneumocystis jiroveci chibayo (omwe amadziwikanso kuti PCP) amaonedwa kuti ndi matenda a Edzi omwe ali ndi HIV. Chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwala ochepetsa antiretroviral (MAP) , chiwerengero cha PCP chachepa kwambiri chifukwa cha mliri wa HIV pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990. Izi zati, PCP akadali kachilombo koopsa kwambiri pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi AIDS ku US

P. jirovecii poyamba adatchedwa P. carinii , koma kenako anasinthidwa kuti amusiyanitse ndi mitundu ina ya Pneumocystis yomwe imapezeka minyama .

_Chitsime:

_{Zachigawo za US za Kuletsa ndi Kupewa Matenda (CDC). "Mungathe Kuteteza PCP." Atlanta, Georgia; June 21, 2007.}

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Candida albicans

Kulemera kwa 1,000x kwa chikhalidwe cha Candida albicans , chomwe chili kutali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a thrush.

C. albicans imodzi ya mtundu wa yisiti fungus yomwe ingayambitse matenda m'mitima ya anthu, kuchokera ku candidiasis yachinsinsi (thrush) ndi vaginitis (matenda opatsirana ndi yisiti) kuti pakhale moyo wowopsya, matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha thupi. Makampani a United States Othandiza Kuletsa ndi Kuteteza Matenda (CDC) amachititsa oophagheal candidiasis (candidiasis yamapapu, bronchi kapena trachea) monga chikhalidwe cha AIDS mwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV.

Candidiasis imapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV. Ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa mankhwala ochepetsa antiretroviral (MAP) kungachepetse kwambiri chiwopsezo cha matenda osokoneza bongo, ndidali umodzi wa matenda opatsirana kwambiri omwe ali nawo m'mayiko omwe ali olemera komanso osauka.

C. albicans ndiwo mitundu yambiri yomwe imayanjanitsidwa ndi candidiasis, ngakhale mitundu ina ya Candida (monga yomwe ingayambitse matendawa mwa anthu.

_Chitsime:

_{Gona, P .; Van Dyke, R .; Williams, P .; et al. "Kuwonjezereka kwa Matenda Oponderezedwa ndi Ena Omwe ali ndi HIV Pachilombo cha HAART." The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). 2006; 296 (3): 292-300.}

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Mankhwala a Papillomavirus (HPV)

Mankhwala a papillomavirus (HPV) ndi kachilombo kamene kangayambitse matenda mwa anthu, ndipo ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana (STD) ku US Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HPV amakhala osakanikirana, osakhudzidwa ndi nthawi yayitali, mavuto ena angayambitse matendawa. kuti, panthawi zingapo, amatha kukhala khansa ya chiberekero, nthendayi, umaliseche, mbolo, anus, ndi oropharnx (mbali ya mmero pambuyo pakamwa).

Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ali pachiopsezo chachikulu chotenga HPV kusiyana ndi amayi omwe alibe kachilombo ka HIV, pomwe akuwonetsa zochitika zazikulu zokhudzana ndi HIV za maselo a chiberekero. Ndi maselo amene angathe kukhala khansara ya chiberekero.

Khansara yowopsa ya khola lachiberekero ndi chimodzi mwa zikhalidwe zomwe zimayikidwa ndi US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monga matenda ophera Edzi mwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV.

Pakalipano, pafupifupi 90% ya khansa ya khansa imatchedwa HPV, ndipo amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna (MSM) amakhala ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri a khansa ya khansa pafupifupi 35 kuposa anthu ambiri.

_Chitsime:

_{Singh, D .; Anasto, K.; Hoover, D; et al. "Matenda a papillomavirus a anthu ndi a kervical cytology omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi amayi omwe alibe HIV." Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009; 199: 1851-1861.}

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Toxoplasma gondii

Photomicrograph ya Toxoplasma gondii yomwe imapezeka muzitsanzo za minofu.

T. gondii ndi protozoan yomwe imayambitsa matenda omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ngati sanatulitsidwe, toxoplasmosis ikhoza kuyambitsa encephalitis (kutupa kwa ubongo) ndi kuwonongeka kwa retina. Zizindikiro zodziwika kwambiri za ubongo ndizoyankhula ndi kuwonongeka kwa magalimoto. Pa matenda akuluakulu, kugwidwa, kugwidwa ndi meningitis, kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha ya optic, ndi mawonetseredwe a maganizo amapezeka nthawi zambiri.

Toxoplasmosis ya ubongo imayikidwa ndi US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monga matenda ophera Edzi mwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV.

Ambiri oposa 200,000 a toxoplasmosis amalembedwa ku US chaka chilichonse, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu pafupifupi 750 azifa-zomwe zimachititsa kuti kachilombo ka HIV kakhale kawiri kawiri kawiri kaamba ka matenda okhudzidwa ndi chakudya cha Salmonella .

_Chitsime:

_{Zachigawo za US za Kuletsa ndi Kupewa Matenda (CDC). "Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma Infection - Epidemiology ndi Zoopsa." Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases ndi Malaria; January 10, 2012.}

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Salmonella

Syson electrogragraph micrograph ya Salmonella enterobacteria ikuukira selo laumunthu lotukuka.

Salmonella septicemia ndi chikhalidwe chomwe kukhalapo kwa Salmonella m'magazi kumayambitsa kuika moyo pachiswe, kutentha thupi kwathunthu. Mankhwala otchedwa Salmonella septicemia omwe amapezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amadziwika ngati matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Pakufika kwa mankhwala ochepetsa antiretroviral (MAP) , septicemia ya Salmonella imaonedwa kuti ndi yosawerengeka pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV m'mayiko otukuka. Komabe, ambiri omwe amafa ku Salmonella omwe amapezeka ku US ndi ena mwa anthu achikulire kapena omwe ali ndi machitidwe akuluakulu a chitetezo.

_Chitsime:

_{Zachigawo za US za Kuletsa ndi Kupewa Matenda (CDC). "Zowonjezera A - AIDS Kufotokozera Malamulo." Atlanta, Georgia; idatsimikiziridwa mobwereza November 20, 2008.}

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Coccidioides immitis

Sirasi ya siliva ya Coccidiodes immitis spherule ndi mapulogalamu owonekera.

Coccidioimycosis ndi matenda a fungus omwe amachititsa C. immitis kapena C. posadaii , ndipo amadziwika kuti "Chigwa cha Valley." Zimakhala zovuta kumadera a kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa US, kuchokera ku Texas mpaka kumwera kwa California, komanso kumpoto kwa Mexico, Central America, ndi South America.

Ngakhale kuti coccidioimycosis imapereka mkati mwa mapapo, pamene imafalikira kupitirira mapapo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi, imaonedwa kuti ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

M'chaka cha 2011, CDC inayamba kuwonjezeka kawiri pa 22,000 ndi coccidioimycosis kuchokera ku 1998. Ku California kokha, chiwerengero chawonjezeka kuchokera pa 719 mu 1998 kufika pa 5,697 mu 2011.

_Chitsime:

_{Zachigawo za US za Kuletsa ndi Kupewa Matenda (CDC). "Kuwonjezeka Kwachidule Coccidioidomycosis - United States, 1998-2011." Kufa ndi Kukhumudwitsa Sabata Lamlungu (MMWR). March 29, 2013: 62 (12): 217-221.}

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Varicella zoster

Magetsi ooneka ngati moto owopsa a Varicella zoster virus.

Varicella zoster HIV (VZV) ndi membala wa herpes kachilombo ka banja, zomwe zimayambitsa nkhuku kwa ana, achinyamata ndi achinyamata. Pambuyo poyambitsa matenda opatsirana, VZV imakhala yosalala mu dongosolo lamanjenje, popanda mavuto ena kapena zotsatira.

Komabe, mu mavoti 10-20%, VZV idzayambiranso kukhala wamkulu, zomwe zimayambitsa herpes zoster (kapena shingles) . Izi zimachitika kwa anthu achikulire kapena anthu omwe ali ndi machitidwe akuluakulu a chitetezo.

Anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi VVV makamaka kuposa omwe alibe HIV. Pamene herpes zoster imawonekera kawirikawiri mwa anthu omwe ali ndi ma CD4 ochepa (pansi pa 200), amatha kupereka kwa anthu omwe amatetezedwa ndi chitetezo chamthupi (CD4s pafupifupi 400).

VZV ndi a banja lomwelo la kachilombo monga kachilombo ka herpes simplex (HSV) . Matenda a VVV sali odwala matenda a Edzi .

_Chitsime:

_{Jordaan, H. "Khungu limodzi ndi matenda a mucosal a HIV / AIDS." Chizoloŵezi cha a South African Family. 2008; 50 (6): 14-23.}

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Chitiispora belli (Isospora belli)

Ultraviolet micrograph ya mwana Cystoisospora belli tizirombo toyambitsa matenda.

Cystoispora belli (amene kale amadziwika kuti Isospora belli ) ndi matumbo a m'mimba omwe angayambitse matenda m'thupi otchedwa cystoisosporiasis .

Pakufika pulogalamu yowonjezera ma ARV , cystoisosporiasis imakhala yosawerengeka pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV m'mayiko otukuka. Komabe, kuphulika kwina kwakhala kwatchulidwa zaka zaposachedwapa, makamaka chifukwa cha kubwerera kwawo kuchokera kumadera otentha komwe matendawa akufalikira.

Cystoisosporiasis yapangidwa ndi a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monga matenda ophera Edzi mwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV.

_Chitsime:

_{Zachigawo za US za Kuletsa ndi Kupewa Matenda (CDC). "Zowonjezera A - AIDS Kufotokozera Malamulo." Atlanta, Georgia; idatsimikiziridwa mobwereza November 20, 2008.}

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Cryptococcus neoformans

Mucicarmine inayambitsa micrograph ya Cryptococcus neoformans m'magazi a mapapu a anthu, ndi maselo a yisiti omwe ali ofiira.

C. ma neoformans ndi imodzi mwa mitundu iwiri ya fungus yomwe ingayambitse matenda mwa anthu otchedwa cryptococcosis. (Yina ndi C. gattii .) Kutumiza kumachitika makamaka kudzera mu zofufumitsa za bowa, zomwe zimapezeka mu nthaka ndi zitosi za mbalame.

Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri akuluakulu ndi ana omwe amadziwika ndi bowa sakhala ndi cryptococcosis, anthu omwe amatetezedwa kwambiri ndi chitetezo cha mthupi ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka-ndi matenda omwe amaperekedwa makamaka m'mapapo kapena pakati pa mitsempha (kumene angayambitse matendawa).

M'mayiko otukuka, chiŵerengero cha cryptococcosis chachepa kwambiri kuyambira kuikidwa kwa mankhwala ochepetsa antiretroviral (MAP) . Komabe, matendawa adakali ofunika kwambiri ku imfa ndi kukhumudwa m'mayiko akutukuka, makamaka m'madera akumwera kwa Sahara.

Kuchokera kwapadera kwa cryptococcosis kwasungidwa ndi US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monga matenda ophera Edzi mwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV.

_Chitsime:

_{Warkentien, T. ndi Crum-Cianflone, N. "Kusintha kwa Cryptococcus pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV." Magazini Yadziko Lonse ya Matenda Opatsirana pogonana ndi Edzi. October 2010; 21 (10): 679-84.}

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Histoplasma capsulatum

Photomicrograph yosonyeza nkhungu zake ziwiri zatoptopulma capsulatum .

H. capsulatum ndi bowa limene lingayambitse matenda m'thupi otchedwa histoplasmosis. H. capsulatum imakhala ndi mbali zina za US, komanso mbali zina za Africa, kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, kumwera kwa Ulaya, ndi Central ndi South America.

The H. capsulatum fungus ingapezeke mu nthaka, zitosi za mbalame, ndi guano. Chifukwa cha kugwirizana ndi mabomba ndi mapanga, matendawa amatchulidwa kawirikawiri monga "Matenda a Cango" kapena "Mapapo a Spelunker."

Anthu pafupifupi 90 peresenti kum'maŵa ndi kummwera kwa United States akhala akudziwika ndi H. capsulatum , omwe ambiri akukumana ndi zotsatira zochepa kapena zovuta. Anthu omwe amakhala ndi zizindikiro zochepa, zomwe zimawoneka ngati chimfine, zimangokhalira kuthetsa mosavuta.

Mwa anthu omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi, histoplasmosis ikhoza kupita ku matenda aakulu a mapapu, ofanana ndi chifuwa cha TB. Anafalitsa histoplasmosis, yomwe ingakhudze ziwalo zikuluzikulu zingapo, kawirikawiri zimawoneka odwala kachilombo ka HIV omwe ali ndi ma CD4 pansi pa 150.

Histoplasmosis yayikidwa ndi a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monga chikhalidwe cha Edzi mwa anthu omwe ali ndi HIV.

_Chitsime:

_{Kauffman, C. "Histoplasmosis: ndondomeko ya zachipatala ndi ma laboratory." Kachipatala kowonongeka. January 2007; 20 (1): 115-132.}