Nthano ya Debunked Inathandiza Chithokomiro cha Gay Gay Padziko Lonse
Kuchokera m'masiku oyambirira a mliri wa Edzi , amuna amphongo akhala akuphatikizidwa nthawi zonse pofalitsa matendawa kwa anthu akuluakulu a US. Chikhulupiriro ichi chinalimbikitsidwa ndi zipoti mu 1984 kuti munthu wina wa ku France wa ku Canada wotchedwa Gaëtan Dugas adadziwika kuti ndi "Wodwala Zero".
Ngakhale kuti umboni wa zaka zoposa 20 zapitazi unali wotsutsana ndi nthano yakuti Dugas ndiye anayambitsa kuphulika kwa North America, mu 2016 kuti gulu la akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo linapereka umboni wosatsutsika.
Gulu lofufuzira kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Arizona linayesa kufufuza zitsanzo zamagazi zoposa 2,000 zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa amuna achiwerewere ku San Francisco m'ma 1970. Kufufuza kwawo kunapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha majeremusi chiziwoneka ngati chimafalikira pakati pa anthuwa , kusintha ndi kusinthasintha pamene zidaperekedwa kuchokera kwa munthu mmodzi kupita kwina.
Ofufuzawa adatha kuganiza kuti matendawa adatha kuchoka ku Caribbean ngakhale Dugas asanatenge kachilomboka. Anasonyezanso kuti kachilombo kamene kamapezeka m'magazi ake kanali kosiyana kwambiri ndi ma genetiki poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera kwa amuna ena mu gulu la maphunziro.
Izi zinatsimikizira kuti Dugas anali ndi kachilombo ka HIV komwe kanali kufalikira kwa anthu kwa nthawi ndithu. Ngati Dugas adayambitsa matendawa, kachilomboka kameneka sikanakhala ndi kachibadwa ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Zomwe Anthu Amagwiritsa Ntchito (ndi Typo) Analenga "Wopirira Zero" Nthano
Pa nthawi imene nthano ya "Zero Pakati" inayamba kuyendera, mantha a anthu pa matendawa anali apamwamba.
Sikuti anthu amangozindikira kuti "khansa ya chiwerewere" tsopano ikuwonekera kwa anthu ena, adakumana ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimagwirizanitsa nthendayi osati kwa amuna okhaokha okhaokha komanso m'magulu ena omwe amatsutsidwa, monga a Haiti ndi oyesera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo .
Mlandu wa kufalikira kwa matenda unali wochuluka, ndipo maganizo a anthu nthawi zambiri amagawanika pakati pa omwe anali "osalakwa" odwala HIV (ana, amagazi) ndi omwe sanali.
Potsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chimenechi, lipoti loti mwamuna wamasiye adatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi "chitsimikizo cha Edzi" kunalimbikitsa nkhani yomwe ambiri anali ofunitsitsa kulandira.
Chomwe chinapangitsa nthano zomwe zidakhumudwitsa kwambiri chinali chakuti sizinayambe zogwirizana ndi sayansi; izo zinachokera ku typo.
Mu 1984, pamene akuluakulu omwe ali ndi malo a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention anayamba kuyambanso kugonana ndi amuna okwatirana 40 omwe adatsimikiza kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, Dugas adatchulidwa kuti "O odwala" ndi kalata "O" posonyeza " Kunja kwa California "
Komabe, pamene tchaticho chinayikidwa, dzina la Dugas linali pakati pa magulu a matenda. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zinayambitsa zolembera zomwe Dugas adadziwika molakwika monga "wodwala 0" (zero), osati "wodwala O" monga momwe anafunira.
Kugonjetsedwa kwa zolakwazo kunangowonjezedwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa bukuli Ndi Bandu Yomwe Anayesedwa ndi Randy Shilts, yomwe inafotokozera mliri woyamba wa AIDS ndipo inasonyeza kuti Dugas ndi wodziteteza kugonana komanso wokondwerera kufalitsa matendawa:
"Malo osambira a ku Club, San Francisco, November 1982 ... Pamene akudandaula, mnyamatayo anagudubuza kumbuyo kwake kuti asuta fodya. Gaëtan Dugas anafika poyatsa magetsi, kutembenuza pang'onopang'ono kuti maso ake azikhala ndi nthawi Iye anati, "Mliri wa gay," ngati kuti akulankhula naye, "Mwinanso mumulandira."
Shils anapita patsogolo kwambiri kulengeza kuti Dugas "adathandiza kwambiri pakufalitsa kachilombo kameneka kuchokera kumapeto a United States kupita kumalo ena."
Kutamandidwa kovomerezeka komwe kunaperekedwa kwa onse awiriwa komanso filimu yotsatira kunalimbikitsa Dugas monga mtsogoleri wa anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli, pomwe akukankhira mowirikiza zokhuza kugonana pakati pa anthu ammudzi okhaokha. Pogwiritsa ntchito bukuli, National Review inatchedwa Dugas "Columbus AIDS," pamene New York Post inamuuza kuti "Munthu Amene Anatipatsa Edzi."
Pazochitika zonsezi, ofalitsa adalongosola kuti "anthu onse omwe ali ndi chiwerewere" amadziwika kuti Shilts (yemwe adadziulula yekha kachirombo ka HIV asanamwalire mu 1994).
Mphamvu Yopirira ya "Odwala Zero" Nthano
Tsono nthano ya "Zero Zachiyembekezo" inavomereza kwambiri kuti zotsatira zake zakhala zikudutsa bwino kuposa malire a US. M'madera ena a Africa, kumene magulu onse okhudzidwa ndi matenda opatsirana ndi achiwerewere akuthamanga kwambiri, "Odwala Zero" akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yomwe angayankhire kapena kuwalanga amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa cha mliriwu.
Posachedwapa mu 2011, Dr. Sam Okuonzi wa ku Uganda Health Services Committee adalengeza kuti "odwala Edzi woyamba ... wotchedwa Gaetan Dugus (sic) ... wotchedwa Woleza Zero" ndi umboni wakuti kachilombo ka HIV kakufalikira kuchokera ku US mpaka ku Africa chifukwa cha kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kugonana. Okuonzi, wotsutsa lamulo la Uganda loletsana ndi amuna okhaokha, adanena kale kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali "kosavomerezeka" koyenera kuikidwa m'ndende ngakhale imfa.
Malingaliro ofanana omwe amatsutsana ndi achiwerewere anapangidwa ku Zimbabwe, pamene mtsogoleri wa zaumoyo wa 2015 David Parirenyatwa adatsimikizira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikochititsa kuti 28 peresenti ya kachilombo ka HIV mu ndende, ngakhale kuti amatsutsa makondomu kuti aziteteze bwino.
Ngakhale ku US, kuimbidwa mlandu kwachititsa kuti anthu azigonana ndi amuna okhaokha, kuphatikizapo chikhulupiliro chokhalitsa kuti amuna ndi akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala ngati "mlatho wa matenda" kwa akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ngakhale kuti ziphunzitsozi ndi zabodza zina zakhala zosatsutsika, zimapangitsa kuti anthu azigonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha monga osayera, osayang'anitsitsa, kapena achiwerewere.
Chilango ndi manyazi zimapitiriza kudziwitsa anthu za HIV. Chimodzimodzinso ndi kuti US adasintha mwachangu chiletso chazigawenga mwazi mu 2016, amasonyeza kuti ngakhale sayansi ikhoza kuthetsedwa ndi mantha osayenera komanso kupitirizabe kusokoneza maganizo pa "chidwi cha thanzi labwino." Maganizo oterewa akuperekanso umboni wokhudzana ndi kachirombo ka HIV , kuyendetsa galimoto ochuluka kuposa 20 peresenti ya amuna omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa.
Kaya malipiro a Gaëtan Dugas angasinthe malingaliro oipawa sakudziwika bwino. Chodziwikiratu ndi chakuti, "kupirira" kwa "Wodwala Zero" kumakumbutsanso mndandanda wa mdima wokhudzana ndi tsankho ndi matenda omwe akugwirizanitsa, kukhazikitsa omwe "adafika" pofuna kutsimikizira kuti boma silikugwirizana ndi ifeyo.
> Zotsatira:
> Zomwe Zingathetsere Kudwala ndi Kuteteza Matenda (CDC). "HIV pakati pa anthu mu United States." Atlanta, Georgia.
Henry, W. "Saga Yosautsa ya Odwala Zero." Nthawi. Lofalitsidwa pa Oktoba 19, 1987.
> Independent (Kampala). "Uganda: Chiyambi cha HIV - Nthano ndi Zoona." Lofalitsidwa pa July 9, 2011.
> Mochone, T. "Mtumiki: Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha Kutentha HIV ku Zimbabwe Ndende." Mawu a Africa; Idasindikizidwa pa August 14, 2015.
> Worobey, M .; Watts, T .; McKay, R .; et al. "Zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi Zero Zachilombo ka HIV-1 Zimawonetsa mbiri yakale ya HIV / AIDS ku United States." Chilengedwe. September 2016; DOI: 10.1038 / nature19827.