Ngakhale Ngakhale Phunziro Silikulephera Kupititsa patsogolo Kafukufuku wa HIV
"Kupasuka" ndi mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri-ena akhoza kunena mobwerezabwereza-pofotokoza za kupita patsogolo mu sayansi ya HIV. Ndipo ngakhale pakhala pali osintha masewera ambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa , mawu nthawi zambiri amasonyeza kuti ife tiri pafupi ndi mankhwala kapena yankho lomwe ife tiri.
Izi zikhoza kuchitika pamene kafukufuku amamasuliridwa molakwika kapena wolemba nkhani salephera kuyika sayansiyo molondola. Ndipo ndizo manyazi, kupatsidwa kuti zomwe zikufotokozedwa ndizofunika kwambiri.
Mwachidziwikiratu, sayansi siyenera kukhala mbali ya zolemba za sayansi, zomwe taphunzira mmbuyo mu 1984 pamene mlembi wa Health and Human Services Margaret Heckler adanena kuti tidzakhala ndi katemera wa HIV "mkati mwa zaka ziwiri."
Zolakwitsa zowoneka ngati zowonongeka pakati pa anthu, nthawi zambiri zimakhudza thanzi labwino. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti maganizo a munthu payekha-kaya ndi wotani kapena ang'ono omwe ali pangozi-akhoza kutsogozedwa mwachindunji ndi ubwino ndi magwero a chithandizo chomwe amafalitsa.
Tinaziwona izi mu 2016 pamene munthu yemwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adaonedwa kuti ali ndi kachilomboka ngakhale atakhala ndi chithandizo chamankhwala tsiku ndi tsiku. Malinga ndi zochitikazo, malipotiwo ankanena molakwa kuti vuto "losadziwika" la mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala likufalikira anthu, kukayikira ngati PrEP inali njira yothetsera mavuto omwe akuluakulu azaumoyo adalengeza.
Tikayang'ana machitidwe asanu, omwe apitako kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a HIV omwe anangokhalapo, omwe adatsimikiziridwa kukhala chinthu china koma kupenda zomwe tinaphunzira, zabwino komanso zoipa, potsata zolepheretsa izi.
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AIDSVAX KatemeraMu 1995, katemera wa AIDSVAX unalandira uthenga wambiri pazofalitsa.
Izi zinachititsa wopanga katemera, VaxGen, kuti apereke chiyeso choyesa chiyeso chachikulu cha anthu a Phase III mu US-pempho lomwe linatsika pomaliza pamene awonetsa kuti anthu odzipereka angapo adatengedwera panthawi yoyesedwa.
Osadandaula, utsogoleri wa VaxGen udapempha bungwe lapadziko lonse la sayansi ndipo pamapeto pake anafika phunziro mu 2002. Mayeserowo, alas, sanalepheretse kapena kufooketsa matenda pakati pa ophunzira.
Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi idakalipo, kampaniyo inatulutsa mwatsatanetsatane kuti chithandizochi chinapereka mphamvu kwa anthu ena (makamaka akuda ndi asiya), ndipo mpaka kufika poti pakhale woyenera yemwe angakhalepo kuyambira 2005.
Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, AIDSVAX yayesedwa pamodzi ndi katemera wina ndipo, pofika chaka cha 2009, bungwe lophatikizidwa pamodzi linakwanitsa kukwaniritsa 31 peresenti poteteza HIV.
Zotsatira zake zakhala zikudziwika kuti ndi "chosaiwalika kwambiri" ndi AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition. Izi zinachititsa kuti pakhale mauthenga ambiri omwe amasonyeza kuti asayansi anali pafupi ndi "mankhwala othandiza" a HIV (kutanthauza kuti kachilombo ka HIV kamayang'aniridwa ndi katemera m'malo mwa mapiritsi).
Malingaliro awa akhala akulephereka kwambiri kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, opanda umboni wochepa woti athandizire zifukwazo. Ngakhale zili choncho, mayesero atsopano a Phase III anayamba mwakhama ku South Africa mu 2016, pogwiritsanso ntchito AIDSVAX ndi katemera womwewo womwe unagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2009.
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Mtsikana wa MississippiZochepa "zopambana" zakhala zikudziwitsidwa kwambiri ndi azimayi a Mississippi, mwana wamng'ono yemwe sanatchulidwe dzina lake yemwe anaganiza kuti adachiritsidwa kachilombo ka HIV mu 2013.
Atabadwa ndi mayi yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, mwanayo amachizidwa ndi mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito ma ARV patatha maola 30 atabadwa. Mwanayo ali ndi miyezi 18, mayiyo adasiya kusamalira ndipo adasiya mwanayo popanda chithandizo kwa miyezi isanu.
Pamene mayi ndi mwana adabweranso, madokotala adadabwa kuona kuti mwanayo analibe kachilombo koyang'ana magazi kapena minofu. Izi zinapangitsa kuganiza kuti zakuchipatala zomwe zimaperekedwa pa nthawi ya matenda zingathe kulepheretsa matendawa.
Zikhulupiriro zowonjezereka zowonjezereka, kuti posakhalitsa nkhani zambiri zatsatiridwa, ponena kuti ana ena anapeza zotsatira zomwezo chifukwa cha mankhwala opititsa patsogolo. (Chodabwitsa, mosiyana ndi mwana wa Mississippi, palibe wa ana awa amene adachiritsidwapo chifukwa cha zifukwa zoyenera.)
Pofika chaka cha Julayi 2014, madokotala atanena kuti kachilomboka kanali kovuta, madokotala adalengeza kuti kachilomboka kanabwerera (kubwerera) ku mwana wa Mississippi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kachilomboka sikunathetsedwe monga ena amakhulupirira koma anali obisika m'mabasi a makonzedwe okonzeka kubwereranso chifukwa chosakhala ndi chithandizo chokhazikika.
Kafukufuku wopitiliza kufufuza za mankhwala opatsirana omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV adakalipo.
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Kufotokozera Mchiritsi Wodwala wa BerlinTimothy Ray Brown, yemwe ndi "Woleza Mtima ku Berlin," akuonedwa ngati yekhayo amene adachiritsidwa ndi HIV. Pambuyo poyesa kupaleseratu maselo ofunika kwambiri kwa munthu yemwe anali wotsutsana ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi, Brown adatuluka mu 2008 popanda umboni wa kachilombo ka HIV kapena m'magazi.
Nkhani ya chithandizo cha Brown inachititsa kuti potsatira maphunziro akuyembekeza kufotokozera zotsatira kwa ena. Zonse mpaka pano zalephera.
Pakati pawo, amuna awiri a Boston adalengeza kuti "adachiritsidwa" mu 2013 chaka chimodzi chokha chitatha. Ena kuyambira kale adanena kuti njira yotsirizayi inali "yochuluka kwambiri" kuposa Brown ndipo ingathe kuwerengera chifukwa chake kachilomboka sikanathetsedwe kotheratu ku machitidwe awo.
Osati kuti maselo osambira a maselowa anali ngati njira yothetsera HIV. Ngakhale kuti mbiri ya Berlin Patient imakhala yeniyeni, ndondomeko yokha imalingaliridwa kuti ndi yosafunika kwambiri komanso yoopsa kuigwiritsa ntchito kupatulapo madokotala oopsa kwambiri.
Brown akupitiriza kukhalabe wosawonekanso ndi mankhwala, ngakhale kuti pakadakalibe kukangana kuti ngati kachilomboka kanathetsedweratu kapena kungolamuliridwa ndi ndondomeko yoika.
Kafukufuku wina akuyembekeza kupeza njira zenizeni za machiritso a Brown, kuti apange zipangizo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazowonjezereka, zowerengeka za anthu.
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HIV Microbicide ZowonongekaHIV microbicides yangwiro. Taganizirani izi: Ngati mudakhala ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi kutenga kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi, zonse zomwe mungachite ndikuyika gel kapena kirimu kuti muphe HIV. Zingakhale zovuta bwanji?
Koma patatha zaka zopitilira 15 za kufufuza kwakukulu, sitiyenera kuona kuti wolembayo angathe kupereka chitetezo chofunikira kuti akwaniritse zolingazi.
Chiyeso chimodzi, CAPRISA 004, chinayambika ngati "kubwerera" mmbuyo mu 2010 pamene zinawonetsedwa kuti gel osakaniza 1 peresenti ya mankhwala a tenofovir angachepetse chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV mwa amayi ndi 39 peresenti. Kwa iwo amene amagwiritsa ntchito gel nthawi zonse, mphamvuyo ingakhale yaikulu kuposa 54 peresenti.
Koma pasanathe chaka chimodzi, National Institutes of Health anasiya chiyeso chachikulu ku Africa ndi India pamene adawonetseredwa kuti gelitsulo yomweyi siidali yopindulitsa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi tsamba la placebo.
Ofufuza akhala akupereka zifukwa za zotsatira zake, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa matenda opatsirana pogonana pakati pa ophunzira komanso anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV.
Pomalizira, njirayi-yomwe inayesedwa kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri popereka mphamvu kwa amayi ndi atsikana omwe ali pachiopsezo-inachepetsedwa chifukwa cha chinthu chimodzi chomwe wofufuzirayo sanathe kuziganizira: chikhalidwe cha umunthu.
Malinga ndi momwe kafukufuku anawonera, amayi (makamaka atsikana) sanagwiritse ntchito gel monga momwe amalembera, kawirikawiri chifukwa chosanyalanyaza mamembala awo kapena mantha a kupeza kwa okwatirana kapena ogonana nawo.
Kafufuzidwe posachedwa za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphete zazing'ono zazing'ono zomwe zinayambira pang'onopang'ono zimasonyeza kuti zimateteza chitetezo chonse, ngakhale kuti sichitha kuteteza chitetezo chilichonse kwa amayi a zaka 18 mpaka 21.
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Chithandizo cha Dick-Kill CurePa zitsanzo za malonjezano a kachilombo ka HIV omwe adakali ochepa, ochepa okha adakopeka kwambiri monga a University of Denmark ya Aarhus pamene adalengezedwa mu 2013 kuti mankhwala akuyembekezeka "miyezi ingapo."
Pakadutsa maola angapo chilengezocho, atolankhani anadandaula kuti gulu la Denmark silinathe kuthetsa kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa kuchokera ku ma cell (omwe amatchedwa zida zapafupi ) koma amatha kuthetsa kachilombo ka HIV. Njirayi, yomwe imatchuka kuti ndi "kupha," inagwirizanitsa malingaliro a anthu omwe adasankhidwa kuti athandizidwe pomvera nkhani za mwana wa Mississippi.
Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wa Aarhus analidi gawo lolonjeza kuti akwaniritse "kupha," adalephera kuvomereza chinthu chimodzi chomwe chinamulepheretsa kudziganizira: sitidziwa ngakhale kukula kwa malowa.
Sizinatenge nthawi yaitali kuti uthenga ufikire kuti phunziro la Aarhus linalephera kwambiri kulonjeza lonjezo lake, poyesa kulumikiza mwadzidzidzi mavairasi otayika koma palibe paliponse pafupi ndi magulu ofunika kuti apange ntchito yowononga.
Komanso, palibe umboni wakuti wothandizila, kaya mankhwala kapena immunological, angathe kuthetseratu kachilombo ka HIV ngati atatulutsidwa kuchokera kumalo ake opatulika.
Kafukufuku wina akuchitidwa kuti awone ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso / kapena ogwira ntchito katemera angathe kusintha pa zotsatira zoyambirirazi.
> Zotsatira:
> Mabomba-Ngarm, S .; Pitisutithurm, P .; Nitayaphan, S .; et al. "Katemera ndi ALVAC ndi AIDSVAX kuteteza HIV-1 ku Thailand." New England Journal of Medicine. December 3, 2009; 361: 2209-2220.
> Ledford, H. "Kachilombo ka HIV kamasokoneza chiyembekezo cha" Mississippi Baby "Cure." Chilengedwe; inafalitsidwa pa July 10, 2014.
> Hutter, G. "Kuphatikizidwa kwa maselo a tsinde njira zothandizira HIV / Edzi." AIDS Research and Therapy. September 13, 2016; 30:13.
> Magulu a Edzi Kafukufuku Wofufuza ku South Africa (CAPRISA). "Kuphunzira kwa gel latsopano kwatsopano sikuwonetsa zotsatira zokhudzana ndi kachirombo ka HIV: Kutsika kuposa momwe gel ntchito ikuyembekezerekera zimakhudzira zotsatira za kuyesa kwa FACTS." Nkhani yofalitsa nkhani pa February 24, 2015.
> United Press International (UPI). "Zachilombo za HIV zikuyembekezeka 'mkati mwa miyezi,' asayansi a ku Denmark amati." Adatulutsidwa pa May 1, 2013.