Malamulo a Kremlin Amayambitsa Mliri Wovuta Kwambiri
Dziko la Russian Federation, lokhala ndi mayiko 17, limayambitsidwa ndi mliri wa HIV umene ukuwonetsa chigawo chonsecho kuchokera ku thanzi labwino ndi zachuma.
Mayiko ambiri, dziko la Russia likuposa kawiri kukula kwa United States ndi osachepera theka la anthu (pafupifupi 143 miliyoni). Malingaliro a HIV, Russia ikudutsa kwambiri ku US mwa kuchuluka kwa matenda atsopano, komanso ambiri okhala pafupi ndi Western Europe.
Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV chikukhala pafupi ndi 1.1 miliyoni, akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti chiwerengerochi chikhoza kukhala pafupi ndi mamiliyoni atatu. Ngati izi zinali choncho, kufalikira kwa HIV ku Russia kudzakhala pafupifupi kasanu ndi kawiri ku US (yomwe panopa ilipo pafupifupi 0,6 peresenti).
Zomwe timazidziwa bwino ndizoti, chifukwa cha ziwerengero za ku Russia, matendawa akufalikira pazaka 20 zapitazi, akuwonjezeka ndi 250 peresenti kuyambira 2001.
Anthu Osauka
Kuika mliriwu muzochitika, wina amafunika kuyesa Russia kuchokera ku chiwonongeko cha anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo komanso mphamvu yake yothetsera vuto la HIV.
Kuyambira pamenepo, dziko la Russia likukumana ndi vuto lalikulu la anthu monga kubadwa kumeneku kumbuyo kwa imfa. Anthu okalamba, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa imfa ya amuna okalamba chifukwa cha uchidakwa, matenda a mtima, ndi kachilombo ka HIV, zathandiza kuti chiŵerengero cha anthu chiwonjezeke.
Kukula koipa kumeneku kuyenera kuchepetsa anthu a ku Russia mwa magawo 20 kapena kuposerapo zaka 50 zotsatira.
Komanso, mayiko a ku Russia adayankha za mliriwu, makamaka ponena za anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu. Pomwe bungwe la World Health Organization limalimbikitsa kuti 90 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali pangozi ( ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo , amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna , ogwira ntchito zamagulu ogonana) amalandira kachirombo ka HIV ndi uphungu, mauthenga ambiri a boma ndi theka la izo.
Izi ziri zoona kwambiri m'mayiko monga Tajikistan (54 peresenti), Kyrgyzstan (36 peresenti), ndi Uzbekistan (29 peresenti).
Mbiri ya HIV mu Russia
HIV inayamba kuonekera ngati nkhani ya thanzi la anthu kumapeto kwa 1986. Nkhani yoyamba inapezeka mwa munthu wina wa ku Russia amene adatenga matendawa ali ku Africa. Adawauza kuti atumizira matendawa kwa asilikali okwana 15 omwe anagonana naye.
Chifukwa chakuti malamulo achinsinsi sanalipo mu Soviet Republic, mayina awo a omwe ali ndi kachilomboka anafalitsidwa kwambiri kudzera m'mabungwe a boma, omwe ananyoza amunawo kuti akhale ndi moyo "wonyansa" umene unayambitsa matenda awo. Mfundo yakuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali koletsedwa (ndipo kumakhalabe pansi pa malamulo a Russia a LGBT).
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, kuyesedwa kovomerezeka kwa HIV kunakhazikitsidwa ku Soviet Union, yomwe nthawi zambiri imachitika popanda chilolezo kapena kudziwa munthu yemwe akuyesedwa. Pofika chaka cha 1991, anthu oposa 142 miliyoni adayesedwa, ndipo palibe amene adadziwika.
Kuyesera kokoma kunayesedwa mwankhanza ndi zoyesayesa zowonetsera (ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafalitsa) njira ya matenda kuchokera kwa munthu mmodzi kupita kwina.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 adapeza chipolowe cha Soviet Union, kukankhira mliri wa HIV m'mithunzi.
Zolemba zokhudzana ndi HIV zakunja, zomwe zinamasuliridwa ku Russian, sizikanatha kupezeka m'dzikoli. Mapulogalamu opewera anthu sanathe kukhalapo panthaŵi yomwe ambiri amaona kuti ndi "zaka zowononga za kugonana" ku Russia. Chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'dera lonseli, mliri wa HIV unasokonekera, ndipo matendawa akufalikira ngati moto kumadera akutali kwambiri.
Pomwe kuphulika kwa Russian Federation of States yongodziimira, mabungwe a Edzi sankapindulitsa kwenikweni atsogoleri a malamulo komanso ndalama zochepa. Mauthenga olakwika pakati pa mabungwe ochepa omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV omwe adakhalapo adapangitsa kuti asamadziwe zambiri m'mabungwe akuluakulu komanso ochiritsira pansi.
Anthu Ofunika Kwambiri ku Russia
Mliriwu ku Russia ndi wosiyana ndi umene umapezeka ku US ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya monga momwe anthu akukhudzira. Zimakhala zovuta kuwonetsa zovuta ku Central Asia ndi kum'maŵa kwa Ulaya, kumene matendawa amafalikira pa njira zamalonda zomwe zimayambitsa malonda a mankhwala.
Chifukwa cha izi, pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya matenda onse ali pakati pa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (IDUs), ndi kuyerekezera kuika chiwerengerocho pakati pa anthu awiri ndi atatu (kapena pafupifupi 2 mpaka 3 peresenti ya anthu a ku Russia). Chifukwa cha malamulo a Russia omwe amaletsa kukhala ndi singano ndi siringi, kugawidwa kwa zinthu izi kumatengedwa kukhala wamba.
Kuwonjezera vuto ndi chakuti chifukwa chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndiko kulangidwa ndi lamulo, ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amakayikira kupeza njira yaumoyo ngakhale kusamalidwa. Zonsezi zokhudzana ndi zifukwa zonse zachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha HIV chikhale pakati pa amodzi mwa anayi, 80 peresenti ya omwe ali ndi zaka zoposa 30.
Vuto mu ndende likukhulupiriridwa kuti ndilopamwamba kwambiri, zonse chifukwa cha zidutswa zapakati ndi kugonana kosakondwera pakati pa akaidi. Mkhalidwewu ndi wovuta kwambiri pakati pa ogwira ntchito zamagulu ogulitsa malonda (CSWs) , ndi kuwongolera poyendetsa magulu onse amuna ndi akazi a CSW kuti ayesedwe.
Pakalipano, mliri pakati pa amuna omwe amagonana ndi amuna (MSM) ukuwonetsera maiko ambiri chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ntchito zothandizira anthu omwe amawopsa kwambiri. Chotsatira chake, kuchuluka kwa kachilombo ka HIV pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi zambiri kumawoneka kuti asiyidwa osayang'anitsitsa, ngakhale kuwonjezeka kwa mapulogalamu oteteza MSM m'matawuni ambiri.
Kukhumudwa, mwayi wothandizidwa ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana (ART) m'mabukuwa akupitirira kukhalabe otsika kwambiri, makamaka poyerekeza ndi kuwuka m'magulu ndi madera ena (kuphatikizapo Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, ndi Uzbekistan).
Njira Yopita
Mosiyana ndi zigawo zovuta kwambiri ku Africa, chiwerengero cha matenda opatsirana atsopano ku Russia chikupitirizabe kukwera, kutsika mdziko lonse. Chotsatira chake, kukula kwa ART ndi njira zina zothandizira HIV, makamaka kwa anthu okhudzidwa kwambiri, ndizofunika kwambiri.
Koma, kufikira utsogoleri wa Russia ku Vladimir Putin kulankhulana ndi ndalama zachuma, zoperewera zaumoyo, ndi malamulo omwe akuwongolera omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV.
Zotsatira:
United Nations Program on HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS). " 2012 UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report. " Geneva, Switzerland; adatulutsidwa pa December 1, 2012.
Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO). "Kupita patsogolo kwa 2011: Yankho la padziko lonse la HIV / AIDS ." Geneva, Switzerland; adatulutsidwa pa November 30, 2011.
UNAIDS. " Republic of Moldova Report on HIV / AIDS ." Inatulutsidwa pa December 1, 2014.