Kumvetsetsa Makhalidwe a Kondomu, Kutopa Kondomu ndi Kugonana kwa Amayi a HIV
Ntchito ya makondomu. Iwo amakhalabe mwala wapakona wa zachiwerewere zotetezeka ndipo zimathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa matenda opatsirana pogonana padziko lonse lapansi.
Nanga n'chifukwa chiyani amuna 65 peresenti amagwiritsa ntchito kondomu nthawi zonse, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention? Nanga zimatheka bwanji kuti oposa 20% a amuna omwe alibe kachilombo ka HIV omwe amagonana ndi amuna (MSM) akufuna kudziika okha pangozi mwa kuchita chiwerewere?
Akazi samapindula bwino m'mabukuwa. Azimayi omwe amakhala pachiopsezo chachikulu, kugonana kosalephereka , ndi 11% omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kondomu nthawi zonse. Choipa kwambiri n'chakuti, amayi sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu (kuphatikizapo amai-doms ) kusiyana ndi amuna awo amodzi.
The Blame Game
Kusadziŵa, kusasamala ndi kusasamala kungakhale kuyankha kwa bondo, komatu izi ndizomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuziganizira zomwe zirididi, nkhani yovuta kwambiri ya maganizo.
Zoona, pali zifukwa zingapo zolepheretsa kugwiritsira ntchito makondomu pakati pa akulu ndi achinyamata . Zimaphatikizapo zonse kuchokera pa momwe timamvera za makondomu, zomwe timakhulupirira zokhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV, momwe timagwirizanirana ndi kugonana mu ubale, momwe zimasokonekera timakhulupilira tokha kuti tili ndi kachilombo ka HIV, komanso ngakhale momwe timagwiritsira ntchito makondomu .
Kusiyanitsa nkhanizi kungakhale njira yowonongeka, yowonjezereka ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi mlandu kwa omwe timawona ngati "zowononga" (kapena magwero) a kachirombo ka HIV.
M'malo moyambitsa zokambiranazo, timakonda kutsekerera-kukhala ndi chiopsezo kwa iwo amene angakhale chete kusiyana ndi kumenyedwa kapena kuvomerezedwa.
Tili Pangozi Tisanakambirane
Chidziwitso ndi mphamvu ndi zifukwa ziwiri zomwe zingakhudze amuna ndi akazi omwe ali pachiopsezo, nthawi zambiri mosiyanasiyana.
Sikuti amangofotokozera chifukwa chake timasankha zomwe timachita, koma amathandizanso kuti tiwone chifukwa chake nthawi zina timadziika pangozi kuti tisaweruze.
Chidziwitso sikuti timangoganizira za kachilombo ka HIV ngati matenda, koma chikhulupiriro chathu cha momwe tingakhalire ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Izi zimatchedwa kuti chiopsezo chodziwika bwino (chigawo cha zomwe zimatchedwa Health Belielief Model).
Zowonongeka zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku malingaliro okhudza omwe ali "pachiopsezo" cha matenda, kaya ndi gulu kapena khalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, iwo omwe amakhulupirira kuti kugonana kosalankhula kosavomerezeka pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi ndi "kagawo" kokha koopsa ngati kugonana kosalephereka kwapakati pakati pa amayi omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu. Chimodzimodzinso ndi maganizo olakwika pa zaka, mtundu, maphunziro ndi ndalama.
Mavuto omwe amadziwika amasiyana kwambiri kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha anthu. Pamene chiyembekezo cha sayansi ya HIV-kuphatikizapo chiwerengero cha moyo wochulukirapo komanso chithandizo cha pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - chimagwirizanitsa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kondomu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi okhaokha, chiyembekezo chomwecho chimakhala ndi zotsatira zolakwika pakati pa MSM ambiri, omwe amakhulupirira kuti zotsatira za matendawa tsopano zachepetsedwa chifukwa cha sayansi ya zamankhwala.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusaganizira za mankhwala kapena kugonana kwabwino kumatanthawuza kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito kondomu. Nthawi zambiri, malingaliro ameneŵa amachotsedwa ndi kudalirika kwakukulu kwa akuluakulu a zaumoyo, makamaka m'madera osauka komwe ma ARV akukwera ndipo kusowa kwachitukuko kumapangitsa kuti anthu ayankhe bwino. Zinthu izi zikhoza kuchititsa malingaliro omwe kachirombo ka HIV amawoneka kukhala kosapeŵeka-kapena osapeŵeka-kwa omwe ali pangozi.
Mitengo ya Condom
Kafukufuku wina wa yunivesite ya Emory adavumbulutsa kuti pafupifupi munthu mmodzi mwa atatu mwa amuna omwe adafunsidwapo anafotokoza kuti atayika kondomu, adatayika.
Maubwenzi olakwika komanso malingaliro okhudza makondomu, omwe amadziwika kuti kukondweretsa kondomu , akhala atatulutsa uthenga wabwino wokhudza kugonana. Amawonetsera zolepheretsa zenizeni zomwe zimalepheretsa anthu kuti asagwiritse ntchito makondomu, ngakhale pamene chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV chikudziwika. Chotsatira chake, ambiri amalingalira "kugulitsa" pakati pa zoopsa zomwe zingakhalepo komanso "zotsatira" zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu.
Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo:
- Kupanda kugonana kwachisawawa
- Kukoma kosangalatsa ndi kununkhiza
- Kuchepetsa chisangalalo chogonana kwa amuna ndi akazi
- Kutaya kwa erection
- Kugwiritsira ntchito kondomu kumawoneka ngati chidziwitso cha kusakhulupirika kapena kusakhulupirika
- Kugwiritsira ntchito kondomu kumawoneka ngati chizindikiro cha chiwerewere
- Kuopa kudziwidwa kuti ndi "chiopsezo chachikulu," kapena ngati gawo la anthu osokonezeka (mwachitsanzo, MSM, ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo)
Kutopa kwa kondomu
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutopa kondomu (kotchedwanso kuti "kuletsa kutopa") ndilo mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza momwe anthu ambiri amatha kukhalira otopa ndi omwe akutopa pogwiritsa ntchito kondomu. Zimasonyeza kuti kuchepa kwa mauthenga oletsa kupewa kuchepa, ndipo kawirikawiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchulukitsidwa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali m'madera osiyanasiyana a MSM (ngakhale kuti amakhudza anthu onse).
Kuwonjezeka kwodziwa za phindu la mankhwala opatsirana pogonana kwachititsa ambiri kufunafuna njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito makondomu. Mmodzi mwa awa ndi nkhani ya Chithandizo monga Kupewa (TasP) , mfundo yomwe munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amalephera kufalitsa kachilomboka ngati kachilombo ka HIV sichitha kuoneka.
Kafukufuku wochitika ndi Terrence Higgins Trust ku London anasonyeza kuti, a gulu la MSM omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, oyankha ambiri sanalephere kuwona chiwindi chawo chokhudzana ndi chiopsezo chotenga kachilomboka pakupanga zosankha zogonana. Wina ananena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito kondomu nthawi zambiri kunkachokera ku chiwopsezo cha HIV chogonana naye, m'malo mofotokozera za serostatus, mankhwala kapena ma ARV.
Izi zikuwoneka kuti kutopa kondomu kumapangitsa kuti munthu agwiritse ntchito chidziwitso chodziwika kuti apange kapena kutsimikizira chikhulupiriro chake, mosiyana ndi kupanga chisankho chodziwitsidwa chidziwitso chokwanira, chosasamala.
Njira Zowonjezera Zowonjezera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kondomu
- Ngati simukudziwa kuti muli ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi kugonana, yesani lero. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kudziŵa udindo wa munthu kumawonjezera mphamvu ya udindo.
- M'malo molimbana ndi kachilombo ka HIV, funsani chilankhulochi momveka bwino pazoopsa za HIV kwa amayi, African American, MSM, etc. Izi zikhoza kupezeka kuchipatala cha amayi chapafupi, malo a LGBT kapena chipatala.
- Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro opatsirana pogonana (kuphatikizapo malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito kondomu komanso kupeŵa zolakwika zomwe anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ) awonetsedwa kuti athetse mavuto ambiri omwe amavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito kondomu. Phunziro limodzi, kugwiritsira ntchito kondomu kunachulukanso kuchoka pa 29% mpaka 71% mwa gulu la omwe ali pangozi, amuna amodzi omwe amatha kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ataphunzira.
- Musamadziŵe kuti kondomu ya amayi yomwe Planned Parenthood imati "ikhoza kugwiritsira ntchito kugonana (kuyambira) mphete ya kunja ingalimbikitse clitoris nthawi yogonana." Makondomu amtunduwu amaperekanso mphamvu zowonetsera kwa amayi amene sangakwanitse kukambirana zogonana mosamala.
- Kawirikawiri, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ogonana pogwirizana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kondomu. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti izi zimachepetsanso mwayi wotsutsana ndi anthu ogonana popanda kudziwika pamene akulimbikitsa kukambirana kwakukulu zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso kupewa HIV.
- Pomalizira, kuitanitsa kugonana pa intaneti nthawi zambiri kumachititsa serosorting (kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga pa intaneti kuti apange zisankho kapena malingaliro onena za kachirombo ka HIV). M'malo modalira mbiri yanu, tengani mwayi wokambirana za HIV ndi zina zaumoyo musanayambe kukumana.
Zotsatira:
Jacobs, R .; Kane. M ;; ndi Ownby, R. "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kondomu, Kuwulula, ndi Kuopsa kwa Kugonana kosatetezeka ku HIV-Midest Negative ndi Amuna Achikulire Ogonana Ndi Amuna." Journal of Men's Health. May 2013; 7 (3): 186-197.
Rietmeijer, C ;; Lloyd, L .; ndi McLean, C. "Kukambirana za HIV ndi anthu omwe akufuna kugonana nawo: njira yothetsera HIV pakati pa amuna omwe ali pangozi omwe amagonana ndi amuna." Matenda Opatsirana pogonana. April 2007, 34 (4): 215-219.
Suzan-Monti, J ;; Préau, M .; Blanche, J .; et al. "Kulemera kwa kachirombo ka HIV ndi kusamalidwa pakati pa MSM kukhala ndi kachilombo koyambitsa HIV." Matenda opatsirana pogonana. August 2011; 87 (5): 396-398.
Bourne, A .; Dodd, C .; Keogh, P .; et al. "Kutetezeka kwachiwiri II: Kugonana koopsa komanso kosatetezedwa pakati pa amuna achiwerewere omwe ali ndi HIV." London: Sigma Research / CHAPS / Terrance Higgins Trust, 2009.
Higgins, A .; Hoffman, S .; ndi Dworkin, S. "Kugonjetsa Amuna, Amuna Ogonana ndi Amuna, ndi Akazi Akazi ku HIV / AIDS." Buku Lopatulika la Umoyo Wathanzi. March 2010; 100 (3): 435-445.