Zachidule za khansa ya khansa
Khansara ya m'mimba ndi imene imayambitsa matenda a khansa padziko lonse, ndipo ma 1.8 miliyoni atsopano amapezeka chaka chilichonse.
Ku United States, khansara ya m'mapapo ndi khansa yowononga kwambiri kwa amayi, atapititsa khansa ya m'mawere m'chaka cha 1987 monga chithandizo chachikulu cha imfa yokhudza khansa. Imeneyi ndi khansara yowopsa kwambiri mwa amuna , kupha amuna ambiri kuposa khansa ya prostate, kansa ya pancreatic, ndi khansa ya colon pamodzi. Pafupifupi, 27 peresenti ya imfa za khansa ku US zimachokera ku khansa yamapapo.
> Zowonjezereka za magawo a kansa ya m'mapapo.
Asanayambe kusuta manambalawa chifukwa cha kusuta fodya, ndikofunika kunena kuti ngakhale kusuta sikuletsedwa lero, tidzakhala ndi khansa ya m'mapapo. Khansara ya m'mimba mwa osuta fodya ndiyo yotsatira yachisanu ndi chimodzi yomwe imayambitsa matenda a khansa ku United States. Ndipotu, kuganizira za kusuta fodya monga njira yothandizira khansa ya m'mapapo, kwina, kunapangitsa kufufuza kuyang'ana pazifukwa zina.
Kodi Khansara Yam'mimba Ndi Chiyani?
Khansara ya m'mimba imayambira m'magulu a m'mapapo kapena maselo akukwera m'mphepete mwa nyanja (bronchi). Maselo amenewa amayamba monga ngati maselo a khansa yamapapo pansi pa microscope, kupatula kusintha komwe kumachitika pokhala khansara.
Ngati khansara yamapapu imafalikira kumadera ena a thupi, maselo akadali maselo a khansa ya m'mapapo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati khansara yamapapu imafalikira ku ubongo, maselo omwe amachokera ku metastasis (kukula) mu ubongo angadziwike ngati maselo a khansara a khansa ya khansa pansi pa microscope. Mosiyana, ziwalo zina zimayamba m'mbali zina za thupi ndikufalitsa (metastasize) m'mapapu.
Izi zimatchedwa khansa yamtenda m'mapapo osati khansa yamapapu. Chitsanzo chikhoza kukhala khansa ya m'mawere yomwe ikufalikira m'mapapo. Izi sizikanatchedwa khansa ya m'mapapo, koma m'malo mwake "khansa ya m'mawere ya m'mawere kumapapo."
Matenda a khansa ya m'mimba
Khansara yammimba ingayambe kulikonse m'mapapo. Mapapu abwino ali opangidwa ndi ma lobes atatu ndi mapepala a kumanzere, ma lobes awiri.
Tikapuma mpweya, imalowa m'mphuno mwathu ndi pakamwa, imadutsa mumtambo (mphepo yam'mphepete mwa mphepo) kenako imalowa mu bronchus. Kenako amayenda kudzera pa bronchus kupita kumapoto abwino kapena kumanzere. Kamodzi pa bronchi, mlengalenga imayenda kudzera m'mabotchi ochepa kwambiri komanso kupita ku mapepala a alveoli -tiny air m'mapapu omwe amachititsa kusintha kwa carbon dioxide ndi oksijeni. Ma kapillas (mitsempha yaing'ono kwambiri ya magazi) amayendayenda alveoli, kulandira mpweya kuti upite nawo ku thupi lonselo. Khansara ikhoza kufika paliponse mu dongosolo la kupuma kuchokera ku bronchi yaikulu mpaka ku alveoli.
Kodi Khansa Yam'mimba Imakhala Yotani Kwambiri?
Mwatsoka, khansara yamapapo imapezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Zonsezi, mayiko omwe ali ndi kansa ya m'mapapo kwambiri padziko lonse ndi Hungary, Serbia, ndi Korea. Poyang'ana khansa ya m'mapapo mwa amayi, komabe, chiwopsezo chachikulu chikupezeka ku Denmark, chikutsatiridwa ndi Canada ndiyeno United States.
Ndani Amalandira Khansa Yam'mimba?
Avereji ya zaka za khansa ya m'mapapo ndi 70, ndipo 80 peresenti ya anthu omwe amakhala ndi kansa ya m'mapapo akusuta, koma:
Khansara ya m'magazi imapezeka mwa amayi - Azimayi makamaka amatha kufa ndi khansa ya m'mapapo kusiyana ndi khansa ya m'mawere, ndipo chiwerewere cha khansa ya m'mapapo mwa amayi chimafika pafupi ndi amuna. Mu 2016 akuti amuna 85,920 ndi amayi 72,160 adzafa ndi khansa ya m'mapapo. Poyerekeza, amayi 40,450 adzafa ndi khansa ya m'mawere.
Khansara ya m'magazi imapezeka osasuta - Ndipo ngakhale khansara yamapapu mwa amuna omwe akusuta imachepa, khansara yamapapo mwa osasuta ikuwonjezeka. Akuti amayi 20 pa 100 alionse omwe amakhala ndi kansa ya m'mapapo ku US sanasute konse, ndipo chiwerengero chimenecho chikuwonjezeka kufika 50 peresenti padziko lonse lapansi.
Khansara ya m'magazi imapezeka achinyamata - Zimakhala kuti 13.4 peresenti ya khansa ya m'mapapo imapezeka akuluakulu osakwanitsa zaka 40. Ngakhale kuti nambala imeneyi ingawoneke ngati yaying'ono, poyerekeza ndi chiwerengero cha khansa ya m'mapapo, si. Kuwerengera izi, achinyamata oposa 21,000 adzafa ndi khansa ya m'mapapo chaka chino (ndikuyerekezeranso izi ndi kufa kwa khansa ya m'mawere okwana 40,450 kwa akazi a mibadwo yonse.) Kuphatikiza apo, amayi ndi ovuta kuposa amuna kuti ayambe khansa ya m'mapapo ali aang'ono, ndipo Khansara ya mapapo kwa achinyamata akukula.
Mitundu ya Khansa Yam'mimba
Pali mitundu iwiri ya khansa ya m'mapapo:
- Khansara yaing'ono ya m'mapapo ya m'mapapo imakhala yowonongeka, yomwe imayang'anira khansa 80 mpaka 85 peresenti. Ichi ndi mtundu wa khansara wamapapu yomwe imapezeka mwa osakhala fodya, akazi, ndi achinyamata.
- Khansara ya m'mapapo ya m'mapapo imapangitsa pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya khansa ya m'mapapo. Mankhwala a khansa ammapapu amayamba kukhala achiwawa ndipo sangapezeke mpaka atatha kale kufalitsa (makamaka ubongo). Kaŵirikaŵiri amamvetsera mwachidwi ku chemotherapy koma amakhala ndi vuto loipa.
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Kodi Mpata Wopulumuka pa Gawo Lililonse la Khansa ya M'mimba?
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Maselo a Khansara Ndi Maselo Omwe Amadziwika: Kodi Amasiyana Bwanji?
Khansara yaing'ono ya m'mapapo ya m'mapapo imapangidwanso kukhala mitundu itatu:
- Matenda a malenocarcinoma - Lung adenocarcinoma amachititsa hafu ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timakhala timene timakhala ndi khansa ya m'mapapo. Imeneyi ndi khansa ya m'mapapo yofala kwambiri yomwe imapezeka mwa amayi, achinyamata, komanso mwa anthu osuta.
- Squamous cell carcinoma m'mapapo - Khansara yamapapu ya Squamous yamtundu wa kansa anali kamodzi ka khansa ya m'mapapo, koma zotsatira zake zachepa m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Mbali ya lingaliro ndikuti Kuwonjezera kwa zosungira ku ndudu kunapanga kusintha uku. Khansa ya squamous ya khansa imayamba kuchitika kapena pafupi ndi misewu yaikulu - malo oyamba omwe amasuta fodya. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mapapu, kumene utsi wochuluka wosuta umatha kukhazikika.
- Khansa yaikulu yamapapo ya m'mapapo - Magulu akuluakulu a m'mapapo amayamba kukula m'madera akumapapo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakula mofulumira.
Mitundu ina ya khansa ya m'mapapo, yomwe imakhala yochepa kwambiri, imaphatikizapo zotupa za m'magazi komanso zotupa za neuroendocrine.
Zizindikiro ndi Zizindikiro za Khansa Yam'mimba
Kuzindikira za zizindikiro zoyambirira za khansa ya m'mapapo ndikoyenera kwa aliyense pa zifukwa ziwiri:
- Palibe njira yowunikira aliyense yomwe ilipo, choncho njira yokha yomwe anthu ambiri amafunika kuyipezera khansa oyambirira-pamene akuchiritsidwa kwambiri-akudziwa zizindikiro. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akutiuza kuti anthu ambiri ku United States sakudziwa zizindikiro izi.
- Chifukwa khansa yamapapo ndi yamba. Monga taonera poyamba, khansara yamapapo ndiyo yomwe imayambitsa imfa mwa amuna ndi akazi komanso aliyense amene ali ndi mapapo ali pangozi.
Zonsezi, zizindikiro zambiri zimaphatikizapo:
- Kupuma kwa mpweya ndi ntchito
- chifuwa chosatha
- kukakamira magazi
- osadziwika bwino
- kupweteka pachifuwa
Zindikirani kuti mitundu ya khansa ya m'mapapo yakhala ikusintha kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo ndizo, zizindikiro zambiri. M'mbuyomu, khansa ya m'mapapo monga squamous cell carcinoma ndi khansa yaing'ono yamapapo ya m'mapapo inali yofala kwambiri. Mankhwalawa amayamba kukula pafupi ndi mpweya waukulu wa m'mapapo ndipo amachititsa kuti zizindikiro ziwonongeke-kawirikawiri chifuwa ndi kukakamira magazi. Tsopano, mapapu adenocarcinoma, chotupa chomwe chimakula kumadera akutali a mapapo ndi chofala kwambiri. Mankhwalawa amayamba kukula kwa nthawi yaitali asanakhale ndi zizindikiro, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mpweya wochepa, kutaya thupi, komanso kusakhala bwino.
Kusanthula ndi Kusinthana
Kuphatikiza mafukufuku ojambula zithunzi, kuphatikizapo CT, MRI, ndi PET ziwerengero zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikira khansa yamapapo. Kuonjezera apo, phokoso la mapapu limakhala lofunika kuti mudziwe mtundu wa khansa ya m'mapapo.
Kusamala mosamala-kudziwa momwe kansa ya m'mapapo imapangidwira - ndikofunikira polemba dongosolo la mankhwala. Khansara yaing'ono ya m'mapapo ya m'mapapo yathyoledwa mu magawo asanu: gawo 0 mpaka siteji IV. Kansera yaing'ono ya m'mapapo ya m'mapapo yathyoledwa mu magawo awiri okha: sitepe yochepa ndi siteji yambiri.
Zifukwa za khansa ya m'mimba
Ndithudi, kusuta ndikofunika chifukwa cha khansa ya m'mapapo, koma poona ziwerengero zapamwambazi, palinso zina zomwe zimachititsa khansa ya m'mapapo .
Kuwonetseredwa kwa Radon panyumba ndiwotsatira wachiwiri wa khansa ya m'mapapo ndi chifukwa chofala kwambiri mwa osakhala fodya. Nyumba iliyonse ku United States (kapena kulikonse padziko lapansi pa nkhaniyi) ingakhale pangozi, ndipo njira yokhayo yodziwira ndikuyesa kuyesa radon. Radoni ndi galimoto yosasunthika, yopanda rangi yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kuvunda kwa uranium m'nthaka pansi pa nyumba zathu. Akuti anthu pafupifupi 27,000 amafa ndi khansa ya m'mapapo ya mliri chaka chilichonse ku US okha ndipo 15 peresenti ya khansa padziko lonse ikugwirizana ndi radon.
Anthu ena mamiliyoni 7,000 amafa khansa ya m'mapapo chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha utsi wambiri. Zina zomwe zimayambitsa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zochitika zapantchito, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, nkhuni utsi, ndi kuphika ndi mpweya wabwino. Posachedwa zapezeka kuti papillomavirus (HPV) ya munthu-kachilombo kamene kamayambitsa khansara ya chiberekero imagwirizanitsidwa ndi khansa ya m'mapapo, ngakhale sizingatheke ngati izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chake.
Kodi Khansa Yam'mimba Imayamba Bwanji?
Kansa ya m'mimba imayamba zaka zingapo isanayambe kusonyeza zizindikiro ndipo imapezeka. Maselo m'mapapu akhoza kukhala maselo a khansa atatha kusintha masinthidwe osiyanasiyana omwe amawasandutsa maselo a khansa. Kusinthika kwa geni-kapena kusintha kwa DNA ya maselo-kungakhale kobadwa (monga choloŵa choloŵa cholowa ) kapena kupezedwa (kuwonongeka monga chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa khansa (zinthu zopangitsa khansa) m'deralo. Zifukwa zopezeka ndi khansa ya m'mapapo: Anthu ambiri amakhala ndi kansa ya m'mapapo ngakhale kuti sanasute, ndipo anthu ena amasuta moyo wawo wonse ndipo sakhala ndi khansa ya m'mapapo.
Khansara yam'mimba imayamba-chotupa chimayambira-pamene maselo ambiri a khansa amakhala osakhoza kufa mwa njira; maselo akugawanika ndi kuchulukitsa kunja kwa ulamuliro. Maselo athu enieni amalamulidwa ndi mndandanda wa ma check and balance.
Kodi Khansa Yam'mimba Imakula Bwanji?
Chimodzi mwa kusiyana pakati pa zotupa zapakhungu ndi khansa ya m'mapapo, monga taonera, ndikuti maselo a kansa yamapapu amatha kutuluka ndi kufalikira kumadera ena a thupi. Izi zimafalikira, makamaka, chifukwa cha imfa zambiri za khansa. Chimodzi mwa kusiyana pakati pa maselo a kansa ndi maselo ochiritsira ndikuti maselo a khansa alibe "kukhutitsidwa." Maselo ozolowereka amapanga zinthu zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pamodzi. Popanda kukonzedwa uku, maselo a khansa ya m'mapapo akhoza kuyenda ndi kukula m'madera ena, komanso kulowa m'deralo.
Pali njira zinayi zazikulu zomwe khansa ya khansa imafalikira . Ikhoza "kuthamangira" matenda kumidzi. Mosiyana ndi zotupa zowonongeka zomwe zingapangidwe motsutsana ndi makoswe oyandikana nawo, khansa kwenikweni imadutsa m'matumba apafupi. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha dzina la "khansara," limene limachokera ku mawu akuti nkhanu; khansa ikhoza kutumiza zowonongeka m'zinthu zamkati.
Maselo a khansa yamapangidwe angathenso kuchoka ndi kufalikira kupyolera mwa magazi kapena mitsempha ya mitsempha kupita kumalo akutali. Zaka zaposachedwapa, zapezeka kuti khansara yamapapu ikhoza kuyenda ndi kufalikira kudzera mumlengalenga m'mapapo.
Kodi Khansa Yam'mimba Imangotsalapo?
Ngakhale ndizosavuta, kansa ya m'mapapo imakhala ikupita. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchulidwa kuti chikhululukiro cha khansara. Ochita kafukufuku akugwira ntchitoyi kuti aphunzire mmene maseŵera athu amateteza thupi kuti athetse maselo a khansa, komanso kuti apange mankhwala opangidwa motsatira mfundoyi.
Kuwongolera Khansa Yam'mimba
Mpaka posachedwa, sitinayambe kuyeza kansa ya m'mapapo, koma izi zasintha. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti chifuwa chachikulu sizowona kuyesa koyeso chifukwa izi sizilephera kutenga khansa ya m'mapapo pa siteji mwamsanga kuti izikhala bwino. Kuyezetsa khansa ya khansa ya m'magazi tsopano ikulimbikitsidwa kwa anthu omwe:
- ali pakati pa zaka 55 ndi 80
- kusuta kwa osachepera 30 pakiti-zaka (chaka chokwanira chikuwerengedwa mwa kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha mapepala a ndudu kusuta tsiku ndi tsiku chiwerengero cha zaka kusuta)
- apitirize kusuta kapena kusiya muzaka 15 zapitazo
Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi zifukwa zina zoopsa, monga mbiri ya banja la khansa ya m'mapapo, mbiri ya COPD, kapena zina zoopsa za khansa ya m'mapapo, kuyang'anitsitsa kungathenso kuganiziridwa. Zikuyesa kuti ngati aliyense woyenerera kuyesa ayesedwa, chiwerengero cha kufa kwa khansa ya m'mapapo chikhoza kuchepa ndi 20 peresenti.
Kodi Khansara Yam'mimba Imafalikira Kuti?
Malo ambiri omwe amapezeka m'matenda a khansa ya m'mapapo ndi ubongo, mafupa, chiwindi, ndi adrenal glands. Mitundu ina ya khansa ya m'mapapo-mwachitsanzo, khansa yaing'ono yamapapo ya m'mapapo-imapezeka kuti khansayo ikafalikira kale. Kansa ya m'magazi imakhala yapadera kwambiri chifukwa imatha kufalikira mafupa a dzanja ndi mapazi.
Kuchiza Khansa Kwambiri
Njira zothandizira khansa ya m'mapapo zakula bwino kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Izi zikuphatikizapo:
- Opaleshoni - Pali mitundu yambiri ya opaleshoni ya khansa ya m'mapapo yomwe ingakhoze kuchitidwa, malingana ndi kukula ndi malo a chotupa.
- Thandizo la ma ARV - Mankhwalawa akhoza kuperekedwa ngati opaleshoni yopaleshoni, kuchepetsa ululu kapena kutsekeka kwa pamsewu chifukwa cha khansara, kapena poyerekeza kwambiri ndi dera lomwe mukukhalako pofuna kuyesa khansa (radiotherapy).
- Chemotherapy - Chemotherapy kawirikawiri amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochizira khansa ya m'mapapo.
- Zotsatira zochiritsidwa - Aliyense yemwe ali ndi khansara yamapapu ayenera kukhala ndi ma projekisomu (kuyesera kwa jini) atachita pamimba. Mankhwala ochiritsira omwe akuyembekezedwa pakalipano amapezeka kwa anthu omwe amanyamula ziwalo zosiyanasiyana monga kusintha kwa ma EGFR kusintha, ALK rearrangements, ndi rearrangements za ROS1. Lumikizani wanu oncologist kuti mndandanda wa kusintha kwasinthidwe.
- Immunotherapy - Mu 2015, mankhwala awiri a immunotherapy adavomerezedwa kuti adziwe khansa yamapapo. Nthawi zina mankhwalawa amachititsa kukhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yaitali ngakhale kwa omwe ali ndi magawo apamwamba a kansa ya m'mapapo.
Mtundu watsopano wodwala khansa umatchedwanso kusamalidwa bwino. Kusamalidwa ndi chisamaliro chokonzekera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zachipatala kwa anthu omwe ali ndi khansa, kuphatikizapo kuthupi, maganizo, ndi chithandizo chauzimu. Mosiyana ndi chisamaliro cha chipatala, chisamaliro chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa aliyense, ngakhale mutakhala ndi khansa yomwe imachiritsidwa kuti imachiritsidwa. Kafukufuku wakale apeza kuti, kuphatikiza pa kuwongolera umoyo wa moyo kwa anthu, chisamaliro ichi chingapangitsenso kupulumuka.
Njira zina zothandizira anthu monga mankhwala opatsirana amatha kuthandiza anthu kuthana ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimabwera ndi khansa komanso mankhwala opatsirana khansa. Njira zothandizira izi tsopano zikupezeka pa malo ambiri a khansa.
Ngati mwakhala mukudziwika ndi Khansa ya M'mimba
Ngati mwangomva kumene kuti muli ndi khansara yamapapu, mwinamwake mukuwopa kwambiri ndipo simukudandaula pang'ono. Kuphunzira momwe mungathere ndi khansa kungakuthandizeni kuti mukhale ndi mphamvu zothandizira chithandizo chanu, komanso kukuthandizani kuti mukhale ndi udindo wochita nawo chidwi. Fufuzani khansa yanu. Yesetsani kwa abwenzi ndi abambo ndikuwalola kuti akuthandizeni ndi zinthu zomwe mungapereke. Phunzirani momwe mungadzilimbikitsire nokha ngati wodwala khansa .
Mwinamwake mungamve ngati mutasungulumwa pamene mukukumana ndi chinachake palibe wina mwa gulu lanu la okondedwa angathe kumvetsa. Kuchita nawo magulu othandizira khansa ndi midzi kungakulolereni kugwirizanitsa ndi ena omwe akuyenda njira yomweyo. Magulu awa ndi njira yabwino yosinthira pafukufuku waposachedwapa wa khansa ya m'mapapo.
Tengani kamphindi kuti mudzipatse nokha, ndipo dzikhululukire nokha ngati mukukumana ndi zosiyana. Palibe amene amadziwa mmene amamvera mpaka atapezeka. Maganizo omwe mumakumana nawo angayambe kuchepetsa mkwiyo, kupanikizika kwambiri-nthawi zina mu mphindi chabe. Onetsetsani izi zoyamba zowonjezera pamene mwatulukira kumene .
Ngati Wokondedwa Wanu Ali ndi Khansa Yamimba
Ngati ndi wokondedwa wanu kusiyana ndi inuyo amene mwapezeka ndi khansara yamapapo, nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kupirira. Pamwamba pa matendawa, mukhoza kumverera kuti simungathe kuchita chilichonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo yomwe mukulimbana ndi mantha ndi chisoni, zomwe wokondedwa wanu akukumana nazo zingakhale zosokoneza komanso zowopsya. Onani zokhudzana ndi " pamene wokondedwa wanu ali ndi khansara yamapapo " yomwe anthu omwe adakhala ndi matendawa amagawana zomwe akufuna kuti okondedwa awo azidziwe.
Mawu Ochokera
Maonekedwe a khansara yamapapo akusintha. Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu omwe amakhala ndi khansa ya m'mapapo adayenera kupirira osati manyazi okha a khansa ya m'mapapo ndi "matenda osuta" koma ndi nthano yomwe imakhala yoopsa kwambiri. Kusalidwa uku kumasintha pamene anthu amadziwa kuti aliyense ali ndi mapapo akhoza kutenga khansa ya m'mapapo. Kusalidwa kumeneku kumasintha komanso, monga momwe anthu akuphunzirira za mankhwala atsopano komanso abwino omwe atha kulandiridwa. Kuwonjezera pa mankhwala ambiri atsopano omwe amavomerezedwa zaka zingapo zapitazo zokha, pali mankhwala oposa 100 omwe akuphunziridwa m'mayesero a kachipatala a khansara yamapapo.
Tili ndi njira yopita, koma anthu ambiri akupulumuka-ndipo akukula-pokhala ndi matendawa. Pali chiyembekezo chochuluka.
Zotsatira:
American Cancer Society. Khansa Zolemba ndi Zizindikiro 2016. http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2016/
Association of Lung America. Mapepala Okhazikitsa Khansa. http://www.lung.org/lung-health-and-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/learn-about-lung-cancer/lung-cancer-fact-sheet.html
Pass J, Carbone D, Johnson D. et al. Makhalidwe Abwino a Khansa ya M'magazi . 4th Ed. Williams ndi Wilkins: 2010.