Timamva zambiri zokhudza khansara, koma kodi maselo a khansa ndi otani komanso amasiyana bwanji ndi maselo oyenera m'thupi lathu?
Selo ya khansa ndi selo yomwe yapeza mtundu wosafa. Mosiyana ndi maselo ambiri omwe amalephera kukulira panthawi inayake, maselo a khansa amapitirizabe kugawikana. Ndipo mosiyana ndi maselo achilendo otsala m'deralo kumene adayamba, maselo a khansa ali ndi mphamvu zowononga zida zowonjezereka ndikuyandikira kumadera akutali a thupi.
M'munsimu, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maselo a kansa ndi maselo ochiritsidwa kudzakambidwa.
Mitundu
Pali mitundu yambiri ya maselo a kansa pomwe pali mitundu ya khansa . Pa mitundu zana limodzi ya mitundu ya khansa, iliyonse imatchedwa mtundu wa khansa yomwe idayambira. Ndipo monga khansa imachita mosiyana kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake, sikuti maselo onse a khansa amachita chimodzimodzi.
Kodi Zimayamba Motani?
Selo la khansa limapangidwa pambuyo pa kusintha kwakukulu komwe kumawapangitsa kuti azikhala ovuta kwambiri. Zosintha izi zimakhala zobadwa kapena zambiri, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a khansa (zinthu zopangitsa khansa) m'deralo. Khansara imeneyi imayamba chifukwa cha kusinthika kokha koma kusintha kambiri kumvetsa chifukwa chake khansa imakhala yodziwika bwino kwa anthu achikulire komanso chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri imakhala yambiri (kutanthauza kuti pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimagwira ntchito limodzi kuti zisawononge khansa). Zimathandizanso kufotokozera za chibadwa cha khansa. Zomwe zimapangidwira mthupi sizikutanthauza kuti mudzalandira khansara, koma, mophweka, ngati kusintha kochepa kokha kuli kale, zikhoza kutenga kusintha kochepa kwa maselo kuti akhale ndi khansa.
Mchitidwe wa maselo omwe amakhala odwala khansa nthawi zambiri amatha kupyolera mu magawo omwe selo limakhala pang'onopang'ono kuonekera mwachilendo. Zitsanzo izi zingaphatikizepo hyperplasia, dysplasia, ndipo potsiriza khansa. Mwinanso mungamve izi zikufotokozedwa ngati kusiyana. Kumayambiriro kwa selo kungawoneke ngati maselo ochibadwa a chiwalo kapena minofu, koma pamene chitukuko chimachitika, selo limakhala losafalikira.
Izi ndizo chifukwa chake nthawi zina chitsimikizo cha khansa sichitha kudziwika.
Chimene Chimawapangitsa Kugawanika ndi Kukula
Selo ya khansa ikhoza kukhala ndi kusintha kwa masauzande ambiri, koma nambala yina chabe ya ma geneeni omwe amasintha mu maselo a kansa amachititsa kuti khansa igawane ndi kukula. Zosintha zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa maselo a khansa zimatchedwa "kusinthasintha kwasendetsa galimoto," pamene kusintha kwasintha kwina kumatchedwa "kusintha kwasinthiti." Mawu akuti "oncogenes" amanena za majeremusi omwe amachititsa kukula kwa khansa, ndipo amapereka khansa yosakhoza kufa. Mosiyana ndi majeremusi amtunduwu, majeremusi mkati mwa selo amauza maselo kuti ayende pang'onopang'ono ndikusiya kukula, kukonzanso DNA yowonongeka, kapena kuwauza maselo kuti afe. Ma selo ambiri a khansa ali ndi kusintha kwa majeremusi awiri omwe amachititsa khalidwe lawo.
Maselo a khansa ndi Maselo Ovuta
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maselo a kansa ndi maselo obadwa. Ena mwa awa ndi awa:
- Kukula : Maselo wamba amakula monga mbali ya kukula ndi chitukuko monga nthawi yaunyamata, kapena kukonzanso minofu yovulala. Selo la khansa likupitiriza kukula (ngakhale kubereka) ngakhale pamene maselo ena sakufunika. Maselo a khansa amalephera kumvetsera zizindikiro zomwe zimawauza kuti asiye kukula kapena kudzipha selo (apoptosis) pamene maselo akukalamba kapena kuonongeka.
- Mphamvu zowononga makoswe oyandikana nawo : Maselo ozoloŵera amatenga zizindikiro kuchokera ku maselo ena omwe amawauza kuti afikako malire. Selo la khansa silinayankhe pazizindikirozi ndikulumikiza m'matumba apafupi nthawi zambiri ndi zizindikiro zonga zala. Ichi ndi chifukwa chimodzi chomwe nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kuti opaleshoni imachotse chifuwa cha khansa. Mawu akuti kansa, kwenikweni, amachokera ku liwu lachigriki la carcinos la nkhanu, ponena za zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera m'magulu oyandikana nawo.
- Mphamvu yofalitsa (metastasize) ku madera ena a thupi : maselo ozoloŵera amapanga zinthu zotchedwa molecule zamakono zomwe zimapangitsa kuti amamatire kumaselo apafupi. Maselo a khansa, opanda kusowa kochokera chifukwa cha mamolekyu amenewa, akhoza kumasuka ndi kuyandama kumadera ena a thupi. Iwo akhoza kupita kumayendedwe apafupi, kapena kudzera m'magazi ndi ma lymphatic kupita kumalo a thupi kutali ndi selo yoyambirira ya khansa-mwachitsanzo, khansa ya m'mapapo ya maselo ikhoza kuyenda ( masisitimu ) ku maselo a m'mimba, ubongo, chiwindi, kapena mafupa .
- Kusakhoza kufa : maselo wamba, monga anthu, amakhala ndi moyo wautali. Akafika msinkhu wina, amafa. Selo la khansa, mosiyana, lakhala ndi njira yopezera "imfa". Kumapeto kwa chromosomes yathu ndi mawonekedwe otchedwa telomere . Nthawi iliyonse selo ligawanika, telomere zake zimakhala zazifupi. Pamene ma telomere amakhala ochepa, maselo amafa. Selo la khansa lasankha njira yobwezeretsa ma telomere kuti asapitirize kufupikitsa pamene selo ligawanika, motero, mwa njira, kuwapangitsa kukhala osakhoza kufa.
Kukhoza kuwononga ndi kuchepetsa kupweteka kwa thupi ndikofunikira kwambiri kusiyanitsa selo ya khansa ku selo yathanzi yathanzi, koma pali zosiyana zina zambiri.
Chifukwa chiyani Thupi Silikudziwa Maselo a Khansa Osakwanira ndi Kuwawononga?
Funso loyenera ndilo, "Bwanji matupi athu sakudziwa ndikuchotseratu maselo a khansa monga momwe angathere, kunena mabakiteriya kapena kachilombo?" Yankho lake ndilokuti ma selo ambiri a khansa amadziwika ndi kuchotsedwa ndi ma chitetezo a mthupi. Maselo athu m'thupi lathu lotchedwa maselo achilengedwe ali ndi ntchito yopezera maselo omwe ali osalimba kotero kuti akhoza kuchotsedwa ndi maselo ena mu chitetezo chathu cha mthupi. Maselo a khansa amakhalabe ndi moyo mwa kutulukira kapena kupewera maselo a m'thupi omwe amachititsa kuti asatuluke.
Kukhoza kwa chitetezo cha mthupi kuti chizindikire ndi kuthetsa maselo a khansa kumayesedwa kuti ndizochititsa kuti zochitika zachilendo koma zolembedwa bwino za khansa zimachoka popanda chithandizo cha ( kukhululukidwa kwa khansara kokha .) Njirayi imakhalanso pa crux ya munda watsopano wa khansa yotchedwa immunotherapy .
Kodi Maselo a Khansa Amasiyana Bwanji ndi Maselo Oyambirira?
Maselo oyambirira amatha kuoneka ngati achilendo komanso ofanana ndi maselo a khansa koma amasiyana ndi maselo a khansa ndi khalidwe lawo. Mosiyana ndi maselo a kansa, maselo osakanikirana sangathe kufalitsa (kuchepetsa mphamvu) m'madera ena a thupi.
Nthaŵi zambiri chisokonezo chimakhala cha carcinoma-in-situ (CIS.) Carcinoma in situ ili ndi maselo ndi kusintha kosasintha komwe kumawoneka m'maselo a khansa, koma popeza sanafalikire kupyola malo awo oyambirira (kapena kwenikweni, sanapite mopyola chinachake wotchedwa thumba la pansi), iwo sali khansa yeniyeni. Popeza CIS ikhoza kukhala khansara, kawirikawiri imachitidwa ngati khansara oyambirira.
Maganizo Otsiriza
Chifaniziro chofotokozera maselo a khansa chakhala cha galimoto. Kukula kwa maselo kungatanthauzidwe ngati galimoto yomwe imakhala yothamanga kwambiri. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, mabeleka sagwira ntchito (maselo samayankha mankhwala opweteka kwambiri a puloteni.)
Titha kutenga chithunzi ichi patsogolo. Kugonjetsedwa kwa maselo a khansa kungawonedwe ngati galimoto yopyola kudutsa pachipata kupita kumudzi wambiri. Maselo achibadwa amavomereza ku zizindikiro kuchokera ku maselo oyandikana nawo omwe amati "ili ndi malire anga, khalani kunja." Selo la khansa ndilosavomerezeka m'njira zina. Pamene iwo ali "magulu" omwe ali ndi maselo ena a khansa, onse omwe akukhala ochepa kwambiri mu zochita zawo pa nthawi (chifukwa cha kugawidwa mofulumira), amatha kufalikira ndi kukaniza midzi ina.
Koma monga uchimo umene sunapitirire ku United States, pali apolisi ambiri (ma checkpoints) omwe amasunga maselo ambiri m'thupi.
Ndizovuta kwambiri kuti selo yamba ikhale selo ya khansa. Iyenera kukhala yachilendo m'njira zomwe zimapangitsa kukula, kulepheretsa kukonza ndi imfa, kunyalanyaza zizindikiro kuchokera kwa anzako, ndi kukwaniritsa mawonekedwe osakhoza kufa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake khansara siimayambitsidwa ndi kusintha kamodzi, koma m'malo mwa kusintha kwasintha. Koma poona kuti maselo mabiliyoni m'matupi athu amagawanitsa tsiku ndi tsiku, chinachake chiyenera kusintha ndipo kusintha kusinthika kamodzi kanthawi. Ndipo amatero, kwa anthu pafupifupi 1.6 miliyoni ku United States chaka chilichonse.
> Zotsatira:
Kasper, Dennis L .., Anthony S. Fauci, ndi Stephen L .. Hauser. Mfundo za Harrison za Mankhwala a M'kati. New York: maphunziro a Mc Graw Hill, 2015. Print.
> Min, J., Wright, W., ndi J. Shay. Kuwonjezera Kwina kwa Telomeres Kusakanikirana ndi Mitotic DNA Synthesis Imaphatikizapo Kupuma-Kumene Kudzitchula Njira. Biology ndi ma Cellular Biology . 2017 July 31. (Epub patsogolo pa kusindikiza).
> National Cancer Institute. SEER Training Module. Biology ya khansa ya khansa.
> National Cancer Institute. Kodi Khansa ndi Chiyani? Kusinthidwa 02/09/15.