Chiwalo-ndi-Organ Introduction kwa Immune System
Ziwalo za chitetezo cha mthupi zimateteza thupi lanu. Tiyeni tiyang'ane pa limba lirilonse ndikuphunzire zomwe zimachita.
Chitetezo cha mthupi ndi chiwalo cha ziwalo, maselo ndi minofu yapadera yomwe imagwirira ntchito pamodzi kuteteza thupi lanu ku mabakiteriya owopsa ndi mavairasi. Imodzi mwa luso losangalatsa kwambiri la chitetezo cha chitetezo cha chitetezo cha thupi ndi chakuti, ngakhale kuteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zingathe kudziwa pakati pa zomwe zikuyenera kukhala m'thupi ndi zomwe zili kunja ndikuyenera kuwonedwa. Chithunzi pamwambapa chikuwonetsa zina mwa zigawo zazikuru, koma kwenikweni zina siziwonetsedwa. Zina mwazigawo zofunika ndizo matani anu, zowonjezereka, mtima ndi mimba zomwe zimagwira ntchito kuti chitetezochi chigwire ntchito bwino. Pamene tikuyamba ulendo wathu wa dongosolo, tiyeni tiyambe malo omwe simungathe kuyembekezera: magazi.
Ndi Wowonjezera M'magazi Anu
Aliyense amadziwa kuti magazi amapita ndi mtima. Kodi magazi ali ndi chiyani ndi chitetezo cha mthupi?
Magazi kawirikawiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi mtima ndi mitsempha ya magazi yomwe ili gawo la kayendedwe ka magazi. Pamene ikuzungulira thupi lonse, maselo ofiira amanyamula mpweya ku mbali zonse za thupi lanu ndipo amachotsa carbon dioxide. Komabe, kodi mumadziwa kuti magazi ali ndi mtundu umodzi chabe wa selo?
Pali zigawo zambiri m'magazi ndipo aliyense ali ndi ntchito yosiyana. Ambiri ndi maselo ofiira omwe amanyamula oksijeni. Palinso zidutswa zazing'ono zopanda maselo zomwe zimatchedwa mbaleletsti zomwe zimakhala zofunika kwambiri m'magazi. Chimodzi mwa zigawo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za magazi, ndipo chifukwa chake magazi amawonetsedwa pa ulendo wa chitetezo cha mthupi, ndiwo maselo oyera a magazi. Izi zikhoza kupatulidwa kukhala mitundu iwiri ya maselo omwe amateteza thupi ku mabakiteriya, mavairasi ndi majeremusi. Maselo a magazi amaimitsidwa m'magazi a plasma, omwe amakhala ndi madzi ambiri ndi zinthu zowonongeka, zakudya zam'thupi, shuga, ndi mahomoni.
Musapange Zithunzi Zake, Marrow Ndi Yofunikira
Marrow ndi minofu yachikasu pakati pa mafupa ambiri. Ndi malo a mtundu wa selo wambiri (mwachindunji, pulogalamu yamadzimadzi yambirimbiri) yomwe imachokera ku mitundu yambiri ya maselo. Ndi maselo abwino kwambiri omwe maselo onse m'magazi athu - ofiira, oyera ndi mapaleti - amachokera ku mtundu wina wa selo umene umakhala mu zotsatira zosiyanasiyana.
Kuyang'anitsitsa Maselo a Magazi
Kodi chinthu chokha chomwe inu mumadziwa zokhudza magazi ndi chakuti ndi ofiira? Magazi anu ali opangidwa ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya maselo, ndipo onsewa ndi ofunika ku thanzi lanu.
Nazi zithunzi za maselo m'magazi anu. Tiyeni tiwone bwino kwambiri, koma makamaka yang'anani pa maselo oyera a mitsempha omwe ali ofunikira kwambiri m'thupi lanu.
Selo lofiira lofiira la magazi, loyimiridwa kumanja kwenikweni, limatchedwa kuti erythrocyte . Inali nthawi yina selo yamoyo, koma nthawi yomwe imafika pamagazi anu ndi "bokosi lachilengedwe" limene linganyamula oksijeni ambiri.
Kumunsi kumanzere ndi platelets . Mukadula, mapiritsiwa amamanga pamodzi ndikupanga magazi omwe amasiya magazi.
Maselo oyera a m'magazi ndi mndandanda wa mitundu isanu ya maselo omwe amayendetsa magazi ndi ziphuphu za thupi kufunafuna mabakiteriya, mavairasi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pamodzi iwo amadziwika ngati maselo oyera a magazi kapena leukocyte. Mtundu wambiri wa leukocyte ndi neutrophil ndipo ndi mzere wa chitetezo cha thupi pa mabakiteriya owopsa. Mwinamwake mwawona umboni wa neutrophils ngati munayamba mwadulapo. Kuzungulira chiwopsezo kawirikawiri ndi madzi otchedwa "pus" omwe makamaka ali ndi mabwinja a ma neutrophils omwe afa.
Ma monocyte amayenda magazi mwa kanthawi kochepa, koma posakhalitsa amakhala macrophages omwe angathe kwenikweni "kudya" mabakiteriya m'thupi lomwe siliyenera kukhalapo. Chifukwa chaichi, macrophage ndi yaikulu ndipo amatha kuwononga.
ndi ofunika kwambiri monga amkhondo a zinyama. Chifukwa cha mgwirizano umenewu, madokotala angaganize kuti ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a parasitic ngati muli ndi mayeso a magazi omwe amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa ma eosinophils m'magazi kusiyana ndi kawirikawiri.
ndi selo loyera kwambiri la magazi. Kuwonjezera pa kumenyana ndi mabakiteriya, amathandizira kumasula mbiri ya histamine, yomwe imayambitsa kuphulika. Ngakhale kuti histamine ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zosautsa, ndi mbali yofunikira yakumvera kwa chitetezo cha mthupi.
Osati kufotokozera, omwe ali mtundu wachiwiri wa leukocyte. Lymphocytes amapezeka m'magazi, komanso mumatenda am'mimba. Amakhala a B-lymphocytes kapena T-lymphocytes ndipo amakhala ndi ntchito zambiri polimbana ndi mabakiteriya ndi matenda opatsirana.
Yolembedwa ndi Richard N. Fogoros, MD
Macrophages: Kutayidwa kwa Zotayika za Chilengedwe
Kodi sizingakhale bwino kukhala ndi maselo omwe amangoyendayenda m'magazi anu ndikudya mavairasi owopsa ndi mabakiteriya?
Kumbukirani selo loyera la magazi lotchedwa monocyte? Panthawi inayake pakukula kwake, imakhala chigwirizano, chomwe ndi Chigriki cha "Edya Yaikuru." Zimakhala ngati zonyansa zowononga zitsulo zomwe zimathandiza chitetezo chathu cha mthupi chifukwa chimatha kudya (njira ya phagocytosis) omwe amatha kuwononga, kaya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena ayi. Pano pali kujambula kwa phagocyte (macrophage) yokonzekera kuti ikhale ndi bakiteriya lonse. Pamene phagocyte ikuzungulira bakiteriya, iyo idzaipasula mwa "kukumba" izo. Macrophages amayendetsa thupi kufunafuna chirichonse chomwe "chingadye." Komabe, macrophage makamaka akuyang'anira chirichonse chokhala ndi "chizindikiro chapadera." Maselo ena a magazi oyera, makamaka ma lymphocytes, amagwirizanitsa ma antibodies kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amadziwa bwino kuti kachilomboka ndi chinthu choipa chomwe chiyenera kuwonongedwa.
Lymph: Mtundu Wokhala Ngati Magazi Pokhapokha Siri
Thupi lanu liri ndi machitidwe awiri ozungulira. Mmodzi ndi wa magazi ndipo winayo ndi wamphongo.
Mwinamwake mukudziwa za thupi lomwe lili ndi mitsempha yambiri ya mitsempha ndi mitsempha. Mwinanso sudziwa kuti kugawidwa kwa mndandanda wina wa zotengera zomwe ziri zofanana ndi mitsempha, koma osati mozama. M'malo motengera magazi, amanyamula madzi ozizira omwe amatchedwa "limf") omwe amafanana ndi plasma (gawo la magazi). Monga zakudya zimachokera m'magazi kulowa m'ziwalo, thupi limatulutsa madziwa (omwe tsopano amatchedwa lymph) limodzi ndi zowonongeka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikuzibwezeretsa ku magazi. Lymph ndi malo abwino kwambiri olimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo timadzaza ndi ma lymphocyte ndi maselo ena oyera. Asanayambe kubwezeretsedwa m'magazi, ma lymphocytes amayesetsa kupeza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tiwonongeke.
Lymph Nodes: Zowonongeka Zopangira Lymph
Pakati pa mitsempha yotchedwa lymphatic system muli magulu ena apadera omwe amachititsa kuti maselo amphine azipezeka. Izi ndi malo omwe amakhala ndi ma lymphocytes ambiri, omwe angayambane ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amapezeka mu mimba.
Kodi Chipata n'chiyani? Pano pali Ex-Spleen-ation
Funsani wina kuti apeze nthata zawo, ndipo mwinamwake mungayang'ane mosabisa pobwezera. Ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri samaganizira kwambiri za nthata zawo, ndipo nthawi zambiri, zimakhala zokhazokha. Nkhumba ndi chiwalo chooneka ngati chowulungika chomwe chiri kumbali ya kumanzere kwa mimba yako, pakati pa mimba ndi diaphragm. Kumeneko, akale, maselo akutayika amagawidwa. Komabe, popeza ndipamene mabakiteriya amasankhidwa m'magazi, ndicho chiwalo chachikulu kwambiri cha chitetezo cha mthupi. Chodabwitsa, mpeni ndi chiwalo chosakhala chofunikira. Mukhoza kukhala popanda izo, koma mutha kukhala ndi matenda enaake a bakiteriya.
Thymus, Ali Kuti Inu?
Thymus, yomwe ili pakati pa mapapu anu ndi kumbuyo kwanu, ndi pamene T-lymphocytes imakula. Ngakhale maselo oyera a m'magaziwa amayamba kuchokera ku maselo amkati mu fupa, amadziwika kwambiri mu T-lymphocytes apa. "T" kwenikweni imatanthauza "thymus" kusonyeza chiyambi ichi. Thymus ndi chiwalo chochititsa chidwi: Ngakhale kuti chikugwira ntchito kwa achinyamata ndi achinyamata, imachepa ndipo imakhala yochepa kwambiri kwa anthu akuluakulu.