Mmene Amagwirira Ntchito ndi Chimene Chimawachititse
Mwinamwake mwamva kuti alveoli imathandiza kwambiri popuma, kapena kuti muli ndi matenda omwe asokoneza ziwalozi mu thupi lanu. Kodi kwenikweni alveolus ndi chiyani, ndipo ndi yotani yomwe ilipo ndiyomwe ikugwira ntchito? Tiyeni tiyang'ane mayankho a mafunsowa komanso udindo umene alveoli angakhale nawo pa matenda.
Alveoli: Tanthauzo ndi Ntchito
Alveoli ndi gawo lofunika la dongosolo la kupuma omwe ntchito yake ndi kusinthanitsa mpweya ndi carbon dioxide molecules mpaka kuchokera m'magazi.
Timagulu ting'onoting'ono timene timakhala ndi mphalasiti timakhala pamapeto a mtengo wa kupuma ndipo timakonzedwa m'magulu m'mapapo.
Pali mamiliyoni a alveoli mu thupi la munthu lomwe lili ndi malo okwana 70 mamita. Akadapanda kutambasula ndi kutambasula kuchokera kumapeto mpaka kumapeto, amatha kuwona khoti lonse la tenisi.
Anatomy: Mapu Kutuluka kwa Mlengalenga Kuchokera ku Alveoli
Alveoli ndi mapeto a dongosolo la kupuma lomwe limayambira pamene tiyambitsa mpweya m'mphuno kapena mphuno. Mpweya wochuluka wa okosijeni umayenda pansi pa trachea ndiyeno umalowa m'mapapu awiri kudzera kumanja kapena kumanzere bronchus . Kuchokera kumeneko, mpweya umatsogoleredwa kudzera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi ang'onoang'ono, otchedwa bronchioles , omwe amatha kutsogolo kwa makonzedwe a alveolar, kufikira atalowa munthu wina alveolus.
Alveolus iliyonse imayendetsedwa ndi madzi osanjikiza omwe amadziwika kuti surfactant omwe amachititsa kuti mpweya ukhale wolimba komanso mawonekedwe a mpweya. Alveolus iyo yokha imayendetsedwa ndi magulu a capillaries omwe amanyamula mpweya kupita ku magazi ndi carbon dioxide kutali ndi magazi.
Ndi pa makonzedwe ameneĊµa omwe mamolekyu a okisijeni amatha kupyolera mu selo limodzi mu alveolus ndiyeno selo limodzi mu capillary kulowa mu magazi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mpweya wa carbon dioxide, womwe umapangidwanso m'mapweya, umatulutsidwa kumalo a alveolus kumene amachotsedwa kunja kwa thupi kudzera m'mphuno kapena pakamwa.
Panthawi yofufuzira, ma capillaries amakula ngati kuponderezedwa kwa chifuwa kumapangidwa ndi kusokonezeka kwa chifuwa. Panthawi yopumula, alveoli imatha (kumbuyo kwakumbuyo) ngati chithunzithunzi chimasintha.
Makhalidwe a Alveoli
Alveoli ndizitsulo zooneka ngati ma ballo ndipo ndizochepa kwambiri mu njira yopuma. Alveoli ndi khungu limodzi lokha, lopangitsa kuti mpweya wabwino komanso mpweya wa carbon dioxide ukhale wosavuta pakati pa alveoli ndi capillary. Mmodzi wa cubic millimeter ali ndi alveoli 170 ndipo malo a alveoli ndi pafupifupi 70 lalikulu mamita. Chiwerengero cha alveoli chimasiyana pakati pa anthu ndi mapapo akuluakulu ali ndi alveoli zambiri.
Zinthu Zochiritsira Zomwe Zimakhudza Alveoli
Pali zochitika zambiri zamankhwala zomwe zingakhudze mwachindunji alveoli (zomwe timatchula ngati matenda a mapapo a m'mapapo). Matendawa amachititsa kuti alveoli ikhale yotentha komanso yowopsya kapena kuti idzaze ndi madzi, pus, kapena magazi.
Pakati pa zochitika za alveoli:
- Emphysema ndi chikhalidwe chimene kutupa m'mapapo kumapangitsa kuti alveoli iwonongeke. Kuwonjezera pa kutayika kwa alveoli, makoma a ma air air bags amayamba kuuma ndikulephera kutaya. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kutulutsa mpweya kuchokera m'mapapo (chikhalidwe chomwe chimatchedwa kutchera ndege). Izi zikutanthawuza chifukwa kutulutsa mpweya m'malo mozembera kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi emphysema. Kulephera kutulutsa mpweya, kumapangitsa kuti alveoli ipitirire, komanso ngati zovala zapamwamba zomwe zimatayika pamene zimatambasula kwambiri, mphepoyo imataya mphamvuyi.
- Chibayo ndi matenda omwe amachititsa kuti alveoli ayambe kuphulika m'mapapo awiri kapena awiri ndipo zingayambitse mpweya wodzaza ndi pus.
- Chifuwa chachikulu ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kukula kwa mitsempha m'mapapu. Matendawa amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
- Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) ndi mtundu wa khansa ya m'mapapo yomwe panopa imalingaliridwa ngati kapu ya adenocarcinoma. Mankhwalawa amayamba mu alveoli, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka mwapadera m'modzi kapena m'mapapo onse awiri.
- Pachifuwa chachikulu (respiratory distress syndrome) (ARDS) ndi matenda omwe amachititsa kuti mpweya usapite m'mapapo pomwe madzi akuyamba kuphulika. ARDS imapezeka kwambiri kwa odwala odwala kwambiri.
- Respiratory affliction syndrome (RDS) imawoneka m'mwana wakhanda asanamwalire matupi awo asanatengerepo mankhwala okwanira kuti azitsatira alveoli. Popanda kugwiritsira ntchito mawonekedwe a alveoli, malo ammapapo amachepetsedwa, kupangitsa kupuma kuli kovuta kwambiri.
- Edema yamapulisi ndi chikhalidwe choyambitsa madzi owonjezera m'mapapo omwe amasonkhanitsa alveoli ndipo amatha kupuma kupuma.
Zotsatira za Sitima za Alveoli
Monga chiwopsezo chimodzi chokha cha matenda a mapapu, utsi wa fodya umadziwika kuti umakhudzidwa ndi tsamba lopuma pamagulu onse. Izi zikuphatikizapo alveoli.
Alveoli amapangidwa ndi collagen ndi elastin zomwe zimapereka mpweya wabwino. Mofanana ndi momwe nduduzo zimawonongera collagen ndi elastin mu khungu lanu (zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugwedezeka mwamsanga ndi kukalamba), zikhoza kuchepetsa kupanga zinthu izi mu alveoli yanu. Chotsatira chake, kuchepa kwa alveoli kumachepetsedwa pamene makoma a selo akuyamba kuuma ndi kuumitsa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu.
Utsi wa sakisitara umakhudza momwe ntchito ya alveoli imayendera, kuwonongeke mpaka pamtundu wa maselo. Zimasokoneza mphamvu za thupi lathu kudzikonza yokha monga momwe zingakhalire ndi matenda kapena zoopsa. Chifukwa chake, kuwonongeka kwapadera kumaloledwa kupitiliza kusokonezeka pamene mapapu akupitirizabe kukhala ndi poizoni.
Pamunsi pa Alveoli
Ma alveoli amapereka ntchito imodzi yofunika kwambiri mthupi lathu. Ndiwo njira yomwe mpweya umalowerera m'magazi athu ndi njira yoyamba imene zina zotayika za carbon dioxide zimachoka mthupi.
Matenda omwe amakhudza alveoli angapangitse kuti mpweya wochepa umaperekedwa ku ziwalo za thupi lathu, ndipo chifukwa chake, zingawonongeke (chifukwa cha hypoxia ) ku ziwalo zonse zazikulu.
> Zotsatira:
> Hsia, C., Hyde, D., ndi E. Weibel. Maonekedwe a Makhalidwe ndi Mavuto Amkati a Gulu Kusintha. Physiology yeniyeni . 2016. 6 (2): 827-895.
Kasper, Dennis L .., Anthony S. Fauci, ndi Stephen L .. Hauser. Mfundo za Harrison za Mankhwala a M'kati. New York: maphunziro a Mc Graw Hill, 2015. Print.