Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maselo a kansa ndi maselo obadwa. Zina mwazosiyana zimadziwika bwino, pamene zina zangopangidwa kumene posachedwapa ndipo sizikumveka bwino. Mutha kukhala ndi chidwi ndi momwe maselo a khansa ndi osiyana pamene mukulimbana ndi khansa yanu kapena ya wokondedwa wanu. Kwa ochita kafukufuku, kumvetsa momwe maselo a khansa amagwirira ntchito mosiyana ndi maselo ochiritsira amakhala ndi maziko opanga chithandizo chopangidwa kuti athetse thupi la khansa popanda kuwononga maselo oyenera.
Gawo loyamba la mndandandawu likukambirana za kusiyana pakati pa maselo a kansa ndi maselo abwino. Kwa iwo amene ali ndi chidwi ndi zina zovuta kumvetsetsa, gawo lachiwiri la mndandandawu ndi luso lapadera.
Kufotokozera mwachidule za mapuloteni a m'thupi omwe amalamulira kukula kwa maselo amathandizanso kumvetsa maselo a khansa. DNA yathu imanyamula majeremusi yomwe imayambitsa mapuloteni opangidwa m'thupi. Zina mwa mapuloteni amenewa ndizokula, mankhwala omwe amati maselo azigawanitsa ndikukula. Mapuloteni ena amagwira ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa kukula. Kusintha kwa majeremusi makamaka (omwe amayamba ndi utsi wa fodya, ma radiation, mazira a ultraviolet, ndi zina zotupa) zingayambitse kupanga mapuloteni osaneneka. Ambiri angapangidwe, kapena osakwanira, kapena zingakhale kuti mapuloteni ndi osalimba ndipo amagwira ntchito mosiyana.
Khansara ndi matenda ovuta, ndipo kawirikawiri zimakhala zosakaniza zomwe zimayambitsa maselo a khansa, osati kusintha kamodzi kapena mapuloteni osazolowereka.
Maselo a khansa ndi Maselo Ovuta
M'munsimu pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maselo achilendo ndi maselo a khansa, zomwe zimawerengera momwe zilonda zam'mimba zikukula ndikuyankha mosiyana ndi malo awo kusiyana ndi zotupa zowonongeka.
- Kukula -Maselo osapitirira amasiya kukula (kubereka) pamene maselo okwanira alipo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati maselo akutulutsidwa kuti akonze khungu la khungu, maselo atsopano sapangidwa kachilombo ngati pali maselo okwanira omwe amapezeka kuti abweretse dzenje; pamene ntchito yokonzanso yatha. Mosiyana, maselo a khansa samasiya kukula pamene pali maselo okwanira omwe alipo. Izi zikupitirira kukula zimabweretsa chiphuphu (gulu la maselo a khansa). Gulu lililonse m'thupi liri ndi ndondomeko yomwe imatanthawuza mapuloteni osiyanasiyana. Zina mwa mapuloteni amenewa ndizokula, mankhwala omwe amauza maselo kukula ndi kugawa. Ngati jini yomwe imayimira imodzi mwa mapuloteniwa sungowonjezeredwa ndi "kusintha" kwa kusintha kwa thupi (an oncogene) - mapuloteni owonjezereka amapitiriza kupangidwa. Poyankha, maselo akupitirizabe kukula.
- Kulankhulana -Sinthani zamagetsi sizimagwirizana ndi maselo ena monga maselo ochibadwa. Maselo ozoloŵera amavomereza zizindikiro zotumizidwa kuchokera kumaselo ena oyandikana omwe amati, makamaka, "mwafika malire anu." Pamene maselo ofanana "akumva" zizindikiro izi amasiya kukula. Selo la khansa silinayankhe pa zizindikiro izi.
- Kukonzekera kwa magulu ndi kufa kwa maselo -Maselo osakanizidwa akhoza kukonzedwa kapena kufa (ayang'aniridwa ndi apoptosis) akawonongeka kapena akalamba. Selo la khansa silinakonzedwe kapena silingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mapuloteni amodzi omwe amatchedwa p53 ali ndi ntchito yowunika kuti awone ngati selo yayonongeka kwambiri ndipo ngati zili choncho, alangizeni selo kudzipha. Ngati puloteni iyi si yachilendo kapena yosakhudzidwa (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku kusintha kwa p53 gene ), maselo akale kapena owonongeka amaloledwa kubala. Geni ya p53 ndi mtundu umodzi wa chotupa choyambitsa matenda okhudzana ndi mapuloteni omwe amachititsa kuti maselo akule.
- Kukhuthala - Makina osaphatikiza amatulutsa zinthu zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pamodzi pagulu. Maselo a khansa amalephera kupanga zinthu zimenezi, ndipo amatha "kuyandama" kumalo omwe ali pafupi, kapena kudzera m'magazi kapena njira zamagetsi zopita kumadera akutali m'thupi.
- Mphamvu Zowonongeka (Kufalikira) -Maselo osapitirira amakhala m'dera la thupi lomwe ali. Mwachitsanzo, maselo a m'mapapo amakhala m'mapapo. Maselo a kansa, chifukwa alibe ma molekyulu omwe amachititsa kuti asatope, amatha kuyenda kudzera m'magazi ndi mitsempha ya mitsempha kupita kumadera ena a thupi - amatha kuthetsa vutoli . Akafika kumadera atsopano (monga mapulotini , mapapo, chiwindi, kapena mafupa) amayamba kukula, nthawi zambiri amapanga zotupa kutali kwambiri ndi chotupa choyamba. (Phunzirani zambiri za momwe kansa imafalitsira .)
- Kuwoneka -Kuzungulira microscope, maselo abwino ndi maselo a khansa angawoneke mosiyana kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi maselo ochiritsira, maselo a khansa nthawi zambiri amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu mu selo kukula-zina ndi zazikulu kuposa zachibadwa ndipo zina ndizochepa kuposa zachibadwa. Kuwonjezera apo, maselo a khansa amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osalimba, maselo onse, ndi pathupi ("ubongo" wa selo.) Mutuwu umawonekera onse akuluakulu komanso ophweka kuposa maselo obadwawo. Chifukwa cha mdima ndi chakuti chigawo cha maselo a khansa chili ndi DNA yambiri. Pamayandikira, maselo a khansa amakhala ndi ma chromosome omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadongosolo.
- Mlingo wa kukula -Maselo osawerengeka amadzibala okha ndipo amaima pamene maselo okwanira alipo. Selo la khansa limabereka mwamsanga maselo asanakhale ndi mwayi wokhwima.
- Kusamba thupi -Maselo osasintha amakula. Maselo a kansa, chifukwa amakula mofulumira ndikugawanitsa pamaso pa maselo kuti akhwima bwino, akhalebe wathanzi. Madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti nonfferentiated kufotokoza maselo ochepa (kusiyana ndi kusiyanitsa kufotokozera maselo okhwima.) Njira yina yofotokozera izi ndi kuona maselo a khansa ngati maselo omwe sali "kukula" ndipo amapanga maselo akuluakulu. Mlingo wa kusasitsa kwa maselo umagwirizana ndi "kalasi" ya khansa . Khansa imayikidwa pamlingo wochokera 1 mpaka 3 ndi 3 kukhala wowawa kwambiri.
- Kupewera chitetezo cha mthupi - Pamene maselo ofiira amatha kuwonongeka, chitetezo cha mthupi (kudzera m'maselo otchedwa lymphocytes) chimawadziwitsa ndi kuwachotsa. Maselo a khansa amatha kuteteza (chinyengo) chitetezo cha mthupi kutalika msinkhu kuti chikhale chotupa mwa kupulumuka pozindikira kapena pobisa mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti maselo a chitetezo amatetezeke. Ena mwa mankhwala atsopano ogwira ntchito m'thupi amathandizira mbali imeneyi ya maselo a kansa.
- Machitidwe -Maselo osapanga amachita ntchito yomwe akufuna kuchita, pamene maselo a khansa sangakhale othandiza. Mwachitsanzo, maselo oyera a magazi amathandiza kumenyana ndi matenda. Mu khansa ya m'magazi , chiwerengero cha maselo oyera a m'magazi chikhoza kukhala chapamwamba kwambiri, koma popeza maselo oyera a khansa yoyenda khansa sakugwira ntchito momwe angachitire, anthu akhoza kukhala pachiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV ngakhale kuti ali ndi maselo oyera. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi zinthu zotulutsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, maselo a chithokomiro amatha kupanga hormone ya chithokomiro. Maselo a khansa ya khansa ( kansa ya kansa ) sangathe kutulutsa mahomoni a chithokomiro. Pachifukwa ichi, thupi likhoza kukhalabe ndi homoni yokwanira ( hypothyroidism ) ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa matenda a chithokomiro akuwonjezeka.
- Magazi - Angiogenesis ndi njira yomwe maselo amakopera mitsempha ya mthupi kukula ndi kudyetsa minofu. Maselo ozolowereka amapanga njira yotchedwa angiogenesis monga mbali ya kukula bwino ndi chitukuko komanso pamene minofu yatsopano ikufunika kukonzanso minofu yowonongeka. Maselo a kansa amatha kugwiritsira ntchito angiogenesis ngakhale pamene kukula sikukufunika. Mtundu umodzi wa mankhwala opatsirana khansa umaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito angiogenesis inhibitors-mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti angiogenesis m'thupi asayese kukula.
Kusiyana Kwambiri pakati pa Maselo a Khansa ndi Maselo Abwino
Mndandandawu muli kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maselo abwino ndi maselo a kansa. Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kupumpha mfundo izi, chonde pitani ku gawo lina lotsatira lomwe limalemba mwachidule kusiyana kwake.
- Kuchulukitsa kukula kwa mankhwala opatsirana -Maselo achilengedwe amatsogoleredwa ndi kukula (zotupa) suppressors. Pali mitundu itatu yaikulu ya mavitamini omwe amachititsa kuti mapuloteni omwe amaletsa kukula. Mtundu umodzi umauza maselo kuti ayende pang'onopang'ono ndi kusiya kulekanitsa. Mtundu umodzi uli ndi udindo wokonza kusintha kwa maselo owonongeka. Mtundu wachitatu uli ndi udindo wa apoptosis yomwe ili pamwambapa. Zosintha zomwe zimayambitsa zamoyo zina zotere zimakhala zosavomerezeka zimalola kuti maselo a khansa ayambe kutsekedwa.
- Maselo Osakanikirana amamvetsera zikwangwani kuchokera kumaselo oyandikana nawo ndipo amasiya kukula pamene akuphatikizira kumatenda oyandikana nawo (chinachake chotchedwa kukhudzana ndi mankhwala.) Maselo a khansa amanyalanyaza maselowa ndi kuwononga maselo oyandikana nawo. Matenda a Benign (omwe alibe khansa) ali ndi capsule yogwira ntchito. Iwo akhoza kukankhira motsutsana ndi matenda oyandikana nawo koma samalowa / kusakaniza ndi zida zina. Maselo a khansa, mosiyana, samalemekeza malire ndipo amapha matenda. Izi zimabweretsa zowoneka ngati zazing'ono zomwe zimatchulidwa nthawi zambiri pazithunzi za radiologic za zotupa za khansa. Mawu akuti khansara, kwenikweni, amachokera ku mawu amtundu wa nkhanu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polongosola kuphulika kwa khansa m'magazi oyandikana nawo.
- Mphamvu Zamagetsi -Ndalama zambiri zimapeza mphamvu zawo (mofanana ndi molekyu yotchedwa ATP) kupyolera mu ndondomeko yotchedwa Krebs cycle, ndi mphamvu yaing'ono chabe mwa njira yosiyana yotchedwa glycolysis. Ngakhale kuti maselo abwino amathandiza kwambiri mphamvu ya okosijeni, maselo a khansa amachititsa mphamvu zawo zambiri popanda oxygen. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha mankhwala ophera okosijeni amene agwiritsidwa ntchito experimentally (ndi zotsatira zokhumudwitsa pakalipano) mwa anthu ena omwe ali ndi khansa.
- Kufa / Kusakhoza Kufa -Maselo osawerengeka amafa, ndiko kuti, amakhala ndi moyo. Maselo sanapangidwe kuti akhale ndi moyo kosatha, ndipo monga momwe anthu alili, maselo amakalamba. Ochita kafukufuku akuyamba kuyang'ana chinachake chomwe chimatchedwa telomeres , zomangamanga zomwe zimagwira DNA palimodzi kumapeto kwa ma chromosome, chifukwa cha ntchito yawo ya khansa. Imodzi mwa zofooka za kukula kwa maselo abwino ndi kutalika kwa telomeres. Nthawi iliyonse selo ligawanika, ma telomere amatengafupikitsa. Pamene ma telomere amakhala ofooka kwambiri, selo silingathe kupatukana ndipo selo imafa. Selo la khansa lasankha njira yothetsera ma telomere kuti apitirize kugawa. An enzyme yotchedwa telomerase imagwira ntchito yotalikitsa ma telomere kuti selo likhale logawanitsa mpaka kalekale-limangokhala losakhoza kufa.
- Amatha "kubisala" - Anthu ambiri amadzifunsa chifukwa chomwe khansara ikhoza kubwerera zaka zambiri, ndipo nthawi zina zimaoneka ngati palibe (makamaka ndi zotupa monga estrogen receptor zabwino khansa ya m'mawere.) Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe khansa ikhoza kubwerera . Kawirikawiri, amalingalira kuti pali olamulira ambiri a maselo a khansa, ndi maselo ena (khansa zam'mimba) zomwe zimatha kukana chithandizo ndi kunama. Awa ndi gawo lochita kafukufuku, ndipo ndi lofunika kwambiri.
- Genomic kusakhazikika -Maselo opanda mphamvu ali ndi DNA yeniyeni ndi chiwerengero chokhala ndi chromosomes. Selo la khansa nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi ma chromosomes osaneneka ndipo DNA imakhala yowonjezereka chifukwa imasintha kwambiri. Zina mwa izi ndi kusintha kwa dalaivala, kutanthauza kuti amayendetsa kusintha kwa selo kukhala khansa. Zambiri mwa kusintha kwasintha ndi kusintha kwasitima, kutanthauza kuti alibe ntchito yeniyeni ya kansalu ya khansa. Kwa khansa zina, kudziwa momwe kusintha kwa dalaivala kulili ( kufotokoza maselo kapena kuyesedwa kwa majeremusi ) kumalola madokotala kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe akuwongolera omwe akuwunikira makamaka kukula kwa khansa. Kupititsa patsogolo mankhwala opatsirana monga EGFR inhibitors kwa khansa ndi kusintha kwa EGFR ndi chimodzi mwa malo omwe akukula mofulumira komanso okula kwambiri a khansa.
Kusintha Kwambiri Kumayesedwa Kuti Cell Likhale Khansa
Monga taonera kale, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maselo achibadwa ndi maselo a khansa. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chiwerengero cha "checkpoints" zomwe ziyenera kudutsa kuti selo likhale khansa.
- Selo liyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikule ngakhale kukula sikofunikira.
- Ayenera kuteteza mapuloteni omwe amatsogolera maselo kuti asiye kukula ndi kufa pamene akukhala osadziwika.
- Selo imafunika kutaya zizindikiro kuchokera ku maselo ena,
- Maselo amafunika kutaya "kudzikongoletsa" koyenera (maselo ofikira) omwe maselo achibadwa amabweretsa.
Zonsezi, zimakhala zovuta kuti selo yamba ikhale khansara, zomwe zingawoneke zodabwitsa chifukwa chakuti mmodzi mwa amuna awiri ndi mmodzi mwa akazi atatu adzakhala ndi khansa m'moyo wawo wonse. Kufotokozera ndikuti mu thupi labwino, maselo pafupifupi biliyoni atatu agawanika tsiku lililonse. "Ngozi" mu kubalana kwa maselo omwe amayamba chifukwa cha chibadwidwe kapena khansa m'deralo panthawi iliyonse ya magawowa angapange selo kuti, potsatira kusintha kwina, ingakhale selo ya khansa.
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
Monga taonera kale, pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa maselo a kansa ndi maselo omwe amatha kukhala otupa kapena opweteka kwambiri. Kuonjezerapo, pali njira zomwe zimakhala ndi maselo a kansa kapena maselo omwe amakhalapo m'thupi. Zina mwazosiyana zosiyanazi zafotokozedwa m'nkhani ino pa kusiyana pakati pa zotupa zowononga ndi zoopsa .
Mgwirizano wa Magulu a Khansa
Pambuyo pokambirana za kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maselo a kansa ndi maselo obadwa, mukhoza kudabwa ngati pali kusiyana pakati pa maselo a khansa okha. Kuti pakhale utsogoleri wa maselo a khansa-ena amakhala ndi ntchito zosiyana kuposa ena-ndiyo maziko a zokambirana za maselo a khansa omwe akukambidwa pamwambapa.
Sitikudziwa momwe maselo a khansa angaonekere kubisala kwa zaka kapena zaka makumi awiri ndikuyamba kuwonanso. Ena amaganiza kuti "akuluakulu" omwe ali ndi ma cancer omwe amatchedwa maselo a khansa amatha kukhala osagonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala ndipo amatha kukhala chete pamene maselo ena a khansa amachotsedwa ndi mankhwala monga chemotherapy. Ngakhale pakalipano tikumana ndi maselo onse a khansa ngati chofanana, ndizodziwikiratu kuti m'tsogolomu chithandizochi chidzapitiliza kulingalira zina za kusiyana kwa maselo a khansa pamtundu uliwonse.
Pansi pa Kusiyanasiyana pakati pa Maselo Abwino ndi Maselo a Khansara
Anthu ambiri amakhumudwa, ndikudabwa chifukwa chake sitinapeze njira yothetsera khansa yonse m'mayendedwe awo. Kumvetsetsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa selo yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhala selo ya khansa kungathandize kufotokozera zina mwazovuta. Palibe gawo limodzi, koma ambiri, omwe akukambidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kuwonjezera pa izi, ndizofunikira kuzindikira kuti khansara si nthenda imodzi, koma m'malo mwa matenda osiyanasiyana. Ndipo ngakhale khansa ziwiri zomwe ziri zofanana pa mtundu ndi siteji, zikhoza kuchita mosiyana kwambiri. Ngati pangakhale anthu 200 omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chofanana ndi khansa m'chipindamo, amakhala ndi khansa 200 zosiyana ndi ma khungu.
Ndizothandiza, komabe, kudziwa kuti pamene tikuphunzira zambiri za zomwe zimapangitsa khansayo kukhala ndi khansa yeniyeni, timadziwa bwino momwe tingasiyitse selolo kuti lisabereke, ndipo mwinamwake ndikupanga kusintha kukhala kansalu ya khansa yoyamba malo. Kupita patsogolo kukuchitika kale m'mabwalo otere, monga momwe chithandizo chopangidwira chikukonzekera chomwe chimasankha pakati pa maselo a khansa ndi maselo ochira mu njira zawo. Ndipo kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi immunotherapy ndi wokondweretsa, pamene tikupeza njira zowonjezera chitetezo chathu cha mthupi kuti tichite zomwe akudziwa kale. Pezani maselo a khansa ndi kuwachotsa. Kuwona njira zomwe maselo a khansa "amadzibisira" okha ndi kubisa kwachititsa kuti azitha kuchiritsidwa bwino, ndipo mwachilendo, kuchotsa kwathunthu, kwa anthu ena omwe ali ndi zotupa kwambiri kwambiri.
> Zotsatira:
> DeBaradinis, R. et al. Biology ya khansa: kusakaniza kachipangizo kamene kamayambitsa maselo ndi kuchulukira. Cell Metabolism . 2008. 7 (1): 11-20.
> National Cancer Institute. SEER Training Module. Biology ya khansa ya khansa. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/disease/cancer/biology/
> National Cancer Institute. Kodi Khansa ndi Chiyani? Kusinthidwa 02/09/15. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/kumvetsetsa/wot-is-cancer
> Nio, K., Yamashita, T., ndi S. Kaneko. Kusintha kwa Magulu a Khansayo a Khansa. Khansa ya m'magazi . 2017. 16 (1): 4.