Kupweteka kwa chiberekero Chiberekero - Ntchito, Zosawonongeka, ndi Udindo mu Khansa
Kodi zimakhala zotani? Kodi izi ndi zosiyana bwanji ndi zacogenes, ndipo zimagwira ntchito yotani pa chitukuko cha khansara komanso khansa yobadwa nayo?
Tanthauzo: Kutupa Kupondereza Genes
Majeremusi oletsa kuteteza thupi ndi majini omwe amachititsa kuti maselo azikula. Pamene majini amenewa akugwira ntchito bwino, amatha kuteteza ndi kuchepetsa kukula kwa zotupa.
Pamene chotupa chotsutsana ndi majeremusi chimasinthidwa kapena chosasinthika (chifukwa cha kusintha), amalephera kupanga mapuloteni omwe amaletsa kukula kwa selo.
Maselo amatha kukula mosalekeza ndikuyamba kukhala khansara.
Mitundu Yopweteka Imateteza Zachilengedwe
Pali mitundu ikuluikulu itatu ya chifuwa chachikulu chogonjetsa majeremusi.
- Mtundu umodzi umauza maselo kuti ayende pang'onopang'ono ndi kusiya kulekanitsa.
- Mtundu wina umayambitsa kukonza DNA zomwe zingachitike pamene maselo agawaniza (DNA kukonza majini.)
- Mtundu wachitatu uli ndi udindo wopatsa maselo imfa, ntchito yotchedwa apoptosis kapena programmed cell cell.
Kulankhulana Poyendetsa Galimoto - Kugonjetsa Zovuta Zachibadwa ndi Brakes
Ndi nkhani zonse zokhudzana ndi matenda a immunotherapy , ndi ziphuphu zakumva ndi "zidutswa" zomwe zimayambitsa khansara, zimathandizira, mosavuta, kuganizira za maselo ngati galimoto. Mu selo iliyonse, pali accelerator ndi mabaki. Mu magalimoto abwino, onse akugwira ntchito bwino. Njira zambiri zimatsimikizira kuti akhalabe oyenera kuti magalimoto onse azisuntha nthawi zonse, koma samawonongeka.
Khansara imayamba ndi kusintha kwakukulu. Zosintha zina sizinthu zazikulu-timazitcha ngati kusintha kwasitima.
Vuto lolakwika ndilo limene limakhudza dalaivala. Dalaivala angasankhe kupita mofulumira kapena mopepuka. Mutha kumva za izi monga "kusintha kwasendetsa galimoto" osati chifukwa chakuti amayendetsa galimoto, koma chifukwa chakuti amayendetsa kukula kwa maselo a kansa.
Khansara ikhoza kugwirizana ndi mavuto omwe ali ndi accelerator kapena maburashi, koma kawirikawiri, kuwonongeka kwa majini omwe akuyang'anira zonsezi ndizofunika kuti awononge khansa.
Chifukwa chakuti khansa imafuna kusintha kwakukulu kosiyanasiyana ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe khansara imawonekera kwa anthu achikulire.
Oncogenes ali, mwa kufanana, majini omwe amachititsa kuti accelerator ilamulire. Mawu akuti oncogenes amatanthauza "maselo a kansa."
Matenda opatsirana pogonana , mosiyana ndi oncogenes, ndi mabaki. Majeremusi amtundu wothandizira amakhala ngati ndondomeko. Amalemba mapuloteni amene ali ndi udindo wochoka ndi kugunda mabaki.
Nthawi zambiri kuti selo likhale ndi khansara, limafuna kusintha kwa mavitamini awiri ndi majeremusi opondereza. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, accelerator iyenera kumamatiridwa pansi NDIPO mabeleka amayenera kugwira ntchito.
Oncogenes vs Vuto la Tumor Lopondereza Genes
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mapuloteni ndi majeremusi opondereza odwala khansa. Kawirikawiri, oncogenes ndizopambana. Mu matupi athu, tili ndi magawo awiri a ma chromosomes ndi magawo awiri a majini - mmodzi kuchokera kwa makolo athu onse. Kawirikawiri ngati jini imodzi siigwira bwino, ina imatha kubweza. Mwinamwake mwamvapo za cholowa. Ngati mwawamva za cholowa cha mtundu wa maso, kusiyana pakati pa oncogenes ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana n'kosavuta kumvetsa. Oncogenes amakonda kukhala ofunika-monga maso a bulauni.
Ngati imodzi mwa majeremusi ingapangitse wofulumira kwambiri kutero, ikhoza kuyambitsa khansa. Matenda opatsirana pogonana, mosiyana, amayamba kukhala ovuta . Izi zikutanthauza kuti, monga momwe mukusowa majini awiri a maso a buluu kuti mukhale ndi ana a buluu, ma jini awiri oponderezana ayenera kuwonongeka kuti apereke kansalu.
Kupweteka kwa chiberekero Chibadwa ndi Cholowa Chokhalitsa - "2 Hit Hypothesis"
Kumvetsetsa kuti thupi lopweteka kwambiri limayambitsa matendawa kungathandize kumvetsa matenda omwe amachititsa kuti matenda adziwe.
Chitsanzo ndi jekeseni wothandizira odwala BRCA1 / BRCA2 - omwe amadziwika kuti ndi "khansa ya m'mawere." Anthu omwe asintha mthupi mwa amodzi mwa majini amenewa ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa ya m'mawere (pakati pa ena.) Koma sikuti onse omwe ali ndi jini amakula ndi khansa ya m'mawere.
Pamene jini lachiwiri losasinthika limasinthika, kusintha komwe kumapezeka, kutanthauza kusinthika komwenso kumachitika mutatha kubadwa, khansa ikhoza kuchitika.
Chikhalidwe choterechi ndi chomwe chimatchulidwa ngati mukumva za "2 kugwedeza maganizo" a khansara. Ma khansa ena amayamba (makamaka pa chotupa chopweteka kumapeto, koma kumbukirani kuti palinso kusintha kwa mtundu wa oncogene) pambuyo pa kusinthika kwachiwiri kwa jini. Kusintha kwathu koyamba kungakhalepo kuchokera pakubadwa, komwe kumatchedwa "germ mutation." Yachiŵiri, "mutatic mutation" imapezedwa ndipo imagwirizana ndi chinachake chilengedwe atabereka.
Mbiri
Mankhwala opatsirana pogonana amayamba kudziwika pakati pa ana omwe ali ndi retinoblastoma. Mu retinoblastoma, mosiyanitsa, chotupa choyambitsa jini chomwe chimachokera ndi chachikulu-choncho alola khansa kuti ikhale ndi ana aang'ono.
Kupweteka kwapachirombo
Panopa pakhala pali ziwalo zambiri zowonongeka zowonongeka. Ena mwa awa ndi awa:
- RB - Mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito retinoblastoma
- p53 jini - P53 gene code ya puloteni p53. yomwe imayang'anira kukonza kwa jini mu maselo. Zosintha za jinizi zimakhudza pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya khansa.
- B RCA1 / BRCA2 - Mankhwalawa ali ndi udindo wa pafupifupi 5 peresenti mpaka 10 peresenti ya khansa ya m'mawere. ( BRCA2 imalumikizidwanso ndi chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo mwa amayi .)
- Jini la APC - Zamoyo zimenezi zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka cha khansara yamtundu mwa anthu omwe ali ndi azimayi omwe ali ndi azimayi omwe amachititsa kuti adenomatous polyposis.
Chifukwa Chithandizo cha Khansa Sichigwira Ntchito Nthawi Zonse
Kumvetsa tinthu toyambitsa matenda amtunduwu kungathandizenso kufotokoza chifukwa chake mankhwala, monga chemotherapy, samachiza khansa. Mankhwala ena amachititsa kuti maselo azidzipha. Popeza kuti chotupa china chotsutsana ndi majeremusi chimakhudzidwa ndi njira ya apoptosis (kufa kwa maselo) maselo a khansa sangathe kupyolera mu njira yothetsera vutoli ngati maselo ena akhoza.
Zambiri Za Khansa
Kuphunzira za majeremusi opatsirana pogonana ndi gawo limodzi lodziwitsa kukula kwa kansalu. Phunzirani za chomwe chiri kansera ya kansa , ndi momwe maselo a khansa amasiyana ndi maselo oyenera .
Komanso amadziwika ngati: antioncogene, kutaya ntchito ntchito majini
Zitsanzo: Khansa zambiri zamapapu zili ndi majeremusi osalimba a p53 mkati mwa chotupacho. p53 ndi chotupa choyambitsa jini chomwe chimayambitsa maselo otsimikizika ngati DNA yawo yawonongeka ndipo sangathe kukonzedwa (apoptosis).
> Zotsatira:
> American Cancer Society. Zojambula za Atcogenes ndi Matenda a Chiberekero. Kusinthidwa 06/25/14. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/geneticsandcancer/genesandcancer/genes-and-cancer-oncogenes-tumor-suppressor-genes