Kusuta ndi Khansa Yam'mimba

by Lynne Eldridge, MD; Yofotokozedwa ndi Grant Hughes, MD

Pakalipano, anthu ambiri amadziwa kugwirizana pakati pa kusuta fodya ndi khansa ya m'mapapo . Komabe ife timamvapo ndemangazo, "Amalume anga amasuta fodya kwazaka 60 ndipo sanatenge khansa ya m'mapapo." "Azakhali anga sankasuta koma anali ndi khansara yamapapo." Kodi ndi zenizeni zokhuza kusuta fodya ndi khansa ya m'mapapo, nanga sayansi yatsutsa izi? Kodi zimapangitsa kusiyana ngati mutasiya, ndipo zimapangitsa kusiyana kotani? Ndipo popeza anthu ambiri amene amayamba khansa ya m'mapapo ndi akale-osati osuta fodya, kodi aliyense ayenera kudziwa chiyani?

Kafukufuku Wokhudza Kusuta Fodya ndi Khansa Yamapiko

Tikudziwa kuti kusuta ndikoopsa kwambiri kwa khansa ya m'mapapo. Kuopsa kokhala ndi khansa ya m'mapapo kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi chiwerengero cha " zaka-pack " munthu amasuta. Zaka-zaka zimawerengedwa powonjezera chiwerengero cha ndudu za ndudu zomwe zimasuta tsiku lililonse ndi chiwerengero cha zaka za kusuta. , ndilo vuto lalikulu la imfa zokhudzana ndi khansa mwa amuna ndi akazi ku United States.

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti anthu osuta fodya sangathe kukhazikitsa khansa ya m'mapapo, ngakhale kusuta ndudu kumayambitsa matenda. Amuna omwe amasuta ali ndi mwayi wokwanira kuti akhale ndi kansa ya m'mapapo kusiyana ndi omwe samasuta, ndipo osuta fodya amakhala ndi nthawi 13 zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa kusiyana ndi anzawo osasuta. Zonsezi, pakati pa 80 ndi 90 peresenti ya khansa ya m'mapapo ku US imatengedwa kuti imayambitsidwa ndi kusuta.

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti khansara yamapapo si mliri wokhawo wosuta. Kusuta fodya kumachititsa khansa zambiri ndi matenda ena . Zonsezi, zimaganizidwa kuti kupereka moyo wosuta fodya kwa zaka 10 ndikukhala wosuta komanso kuti pafupifupi theka la osuta moyo nthawi zonse adzafa ndi matenda okhudzana ndi fodya.

Kodi Ndi Peresenti Yanji ya Osuta Adzakhala ndi Khansa Yam'mimba?

Mavuto a moyo wa khansa ya m'mapapo mwa anthu omwe amasuta ndi okwana 15 peresenti kwa wosuta moyo wonse. Kusiya nthawi iliyonse kumachepetsa chiopsezo, koma munthu amene amatha zaka pafupifupi 50 akadali ndi mwayi wokwanira kufa ndi khansa ya m'mapapo.

Kuphatikiza pa ubale pakati pa chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapu ndi zaka zonyamula fodya, zaka zausuta zikuyamba, ndipo kukhalapo kwa zifukwa zina zomwe zingawonongeke kungapangitse ngoziyi. Pazifukwa zina zoopsa, monga kusokonezeka kwa asibesitosi, chiwopsezo chowonjezeka sichitha kuposa zomwe zingatheke powonjezerapo zinthu ziwirizikulu pamodzi.

Anthu Oyambirira Kusuta Amakhala ndi Vuto Lambiri la Khansa Yam'mimba

Ambiri a khansa yamapapo (opitirira 50 peresenti) tsopano akupezeka kwa osuta fodya kale-anthu amene adasuta kale koma asiya. Mosiyana ndi chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima, omwe amatsika mofulumira pamene wina asiya kusuta, chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo chingathe kukhalapo ndipo chimakhala choposa cha wosasuta kwa moyo wake wonse.

Ngati ndinu wosuta fodya ndikuphunzira izi kwa nthawi yoyamba, musataye mtima. Anthu omwe amasuta fodya angathe kuchepetsa chiopsezo chawo komanso kuonjezera mwayi wawo wopulumuka matendawa akamapanga (onani m'munsimu).

Zaka Zosiya Kutha Ndiponso Pambuyo Pakuopsa kwa Khansa Yam'mimba

Vuto la khansa ya m'mapapo omwe kale anali osuta limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi msinkhu umene wina adayambitsa chizolowezicho. Zaka za kusuta fodya poyerekezera ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha imfa zakhala zikuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri kusiyana ndi chiyanjano ndi khansara yamapapo yokha.

Monga taonera kale, kusuta kumatenga pafupifupi zaka khumi za moyo kutali ndi moyo wosakhala wosuta, ndi theka la anthu akufa ndi matenda okhudzana ndi fodya. Kwa iwo omwe asiya pakati pa zaka zapakati pa 25 ndi 34, chiwopsezo chimakhala chachibadwa. Amene amakhala chete pakati pa zaka 35 ndi 44, akhoza kuyembekezera kubwezeretsanso zaka zisanu ndi zinayi (khumi) zisanu ndi ziwiri (10) zomwezo. Kusiya kusuta fodya pakati pa zaka 45 ndi 54 kubwezeretsanso zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndikusiya pakati pa 55 ndi 64 kubwezeretsanso zaka zinayi.

Nthawi Kuyambira Kusuta Kuchokera ndi Kuopsa kwa Khansa Yam'mimba

Kodi khansa ya m'mapapo imachitika kangati zaka kapena makumi angapo mutasiya?

Chiwerengerochi sichinatchulidwe bwino, koma kufufuza kwa 2011 kuyang'ana anthu 600 otchulidwa kuti opaleshoni ya khansa yamapapo ingatipatse lingaliro. Panthawi yomwe anadziŵa, anthu 77 pa anthu 100 alionse anali osuta fodya ndipo ndi 11 peresenti yokha omwe amasuta fodya. Kuwonongeka kunali motere:

14 peresenti anali atasuta fodya kwachepera chaka
27 peresenti anali osuta fodya kwa zaka 1 mpaka 10
21 peresenti anali opanda utsi kwazaka 10 mpaka 20
16 peresenti anali opanda utsi kwazaka 20 mpaka 30
11 peresenti anali opanda utsi kwa zaka 30 mpaka 40
10 peresenti anali osuta utsi kwa zaka 40 mpaka 50

Zikuwoneka kuchokera ku phunziro lino kuti osuta akhoza kukhala pangozi kwa nthawi yayitali kutatha. Ndipotu, nthawi yambiri yosuta fodya asanayambe kudwala khansara yamapapu mu phunziroli inali zaka 18. Apanso, manambalawa akhoza kusokoneza ngati muli kale fodya, koma pali zinthu zomwe mungachite kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chanu. Onetsetsani kuti muwerenge. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti potsatiridwa ndi kufalikira kwa khansa ya m'mapapo, ziwerengerozi zingasinthe.

Mwinamwake mwamvapo kuti chiopsezo cha khansa yamapapu chikuwoneka chikuwonjezeka pakati pa zaka chimodzi ndi zinayi mutatha kusuta fodya. M'malo mwa chiopsezo chowonjezereka panthawiyi mutatha, ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri akhoza kusiya chifukwa cha zizindikiro zoyambirira za kansa ya m'mapapo ndi kuti kuchoka ndikotheka chifukwa cha khansara yamapapo osati chifukwa. Pambuyo pazaka zisanu ndikusiya pangakhale ngozi yaikulu.

Mbiri ya Kusuta ndi Khansa Yam'mimba

Pambuyo pa lipoti la ochita kafukufuku wa Surgeon General la 1964 lonena za Kusuta Fodya ndi Zaumoyo, anthu onse adziwa kwambiri kuti akhoza kusuta. M'nkhaniyo, akuti anthu osuta fodya anali ndi ngozi yapakati pa 9 mpaka 10 ya khansa ya m'mapapo poyerekeza ndi osasuta, ndipo kusuta kunayesedwa kuti ndilo vuto lalikulu la khansa ya m'mapapo ku United States. Koma tikukayikira kuti pali kugwirizana pakati pa kusuta fodya ndi khansa ya m'mapapo nthawi yayitali. Nkhani ina yotchedwa "Cancer by the Carton" inalemba buku la Reader's Digest mu 1952, ndipo maphunziro a ku Germany anapeza zofanana ndi zimenezi zaka makumi angapo izi zisanachitike. Kafukufuku wochuluka kuyambira nthawi imeneyo apitiriza kufotokozera mgwirizano.

Ngakhale khansara yamapapu yakhala ili ndi ife nthawi zonse, nthawi ina inali yachilendo padziko lonse lapansi. Mpaka mu 1492-pamene anthu a ku Ulaya anayamba kulankhulana ndi amwenye akusuta fodya-fodya inali ku America okha. Otopa amavomereza kuti "zonse ndi mbiri" akuyankhula zoona zowononga, ndi khansara ya mapapo ya chifuwa ndi nambala imodzi yomwe imayambitsa matenda a khansa padziko lonse lapansi.

Milandu Mu Fodya Amene Amayambitsa Khansa Yam'mimba

Asanayambe kukambirana za momwe fodya ingayambitsire khansara yamapapu, ndizothandiza kulembetsa zina mwa mankhwala owopsa omwe amasuta ndudu. Kuchokera mu zikwi zikwi zamagazi zomwe ziri mu utsi wa fodya, pali pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi atatu ( carcinogens) (mankhwala omwe amaganiza kuti amachititsa khansara). Ena mwa awa ndi awa:

arsenic (yomwe imapezeka mu poizoni)
benzene (gawo limodzi la mafuta osasamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ena)
cadmium (yomwe imapezeka mu mabatire)
chromium
nickel
vinyl kloride (omwe amapezeka m'mapulasitiki ndi fodya)
polycyclic zonunkhira za hydrocarboni (PAHs)
N-nitrosamines
zonunkhira amines
formaldehyde (yomwe imapezeka mukumitsa madzi)
acetaldehyde
acrylonitrile
polonium 210 (heavy metal)

Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zingapangitse kapena kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha fodya. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masamba a fodya, kupezeka kapena kupezeka kwa mafakitale, zowonjezera zamadzimadzi, ndi zovuta za kusuta zingakhale zothandizira kuti fodya ipangitse khansa. Kuonjezera apo, izi sizingakhale zenizeni zamtundu wa fodya, koma makamaka kusakaniza kwa mankhwala omwe alipo.

Kukhalapo kwa zochepa za khansa ku ndudu za ku Japan zatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi chifukwa chimodzi chomwe amuna a ku Japan sakanatha kukhala ndi khansa ya m'mapapo ngakhale atasuta kwambiri-chinachake chomwe chimatchedwa kuti Japan kusuta ndi matenda a khansa . Kuvuta kwa osuta fodya kwa osakhala fodya kukhala khansa ya m'mapapo ku United States ndi 40: 1 kusiyana ndi chiŵerengero cha 6.3: 1 ku Japan. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makala otsekedwa m'masefayuta a ndudu ku Japan kungakhalenso chinthu. Kuwotcha makala kumadziwika bwino chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito poizoni m'chipinda chodzidzimutsa. Zoonadi, zinthu monga chakudya ndi ma genetic zimapangitsanso zotsutsana izi.

Zitsamba Zochepa za Tar, Zisakaniza, ndi Khansa Yam'mimba

Kuwonjezera kwa mafyuluta ku ndudu kwasintha malo a kansa ya m'mapapo mpaka payeso. Zimaganizidwa kuti anthu omwe amasuta ndudu zowonongeka m'moyo ali ndi zaka 20 mpaka 40 peresenti zochepetsera khansa ya m'mapapo kusiyana ndi osuta fodya omwe sakhala osasuta. Pambuyo pa chiopsezo cha khansa, komabe, kuwonjezera kwa mafayikiro kumawoneka kuti asintha mitundu yambiri ya khansa ya m'mapapo, ndipo chifukwa chake zizindikiro zowopsa kwambiri (onani m'munsimu).

Kuphatikizana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa fodya, nduduzo zinapezeka ndi phula la pansi. Ngakhale kuchepa kwa phula kumachepetsa kufotokozera mankhwala oopsa awa, ndudu zomwe zimatchedwa "kuwala" kapena "chilakolako" zimakhala zoopsa monga mitundu yonse. Pofuna kupeza nthendayi yofanana, omwe amasuta ndudu zapamwamba amayamba kusuta ndudu zambiri ndikunyada kwambiri, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a khansa ya m'mapapo popanda chotupa.

Kodi Kusuta Kumayambitsa Khansa Yam'mimba Bwanji? Sayansi (Njira Zamagulu) Zopangira Mfundo

Kuti maselo achilendo akhale kansana ya khansa , kusintha kwakukulu kumayenera kuchitika. Pakatikati mwa maselo athu ali ndi DNA yathu-mapulani athu a chibadwa-omwe amapereka malangizo kwa mapuloteni onse opangidwa ndi selo. Ena mwa mapuloteniwa amauza selo kukula ndikuchulukana. Zina zimathandiza kuthetsa DNA. Enanso amagwira ntchito kuti achotse maselo owonongeka kotero kuti sangathe kufalikira (pulogalamu yapadera ya maselo yotchedwa apoptosis). Kusuta kungawononge kusintha kwa maselo a khansa yamapapo ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:

Kuwonongeka koyambirira kwa DNA : Ena mwa khansa yotulutsa utsi wa ndudu imangowonongeka (chifukwa cha kusintha kwa thupi ndi kusintha kwina) DNA ya maselo a m'mapapo. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala ena monga chromium, amathandiza ena odwala matendawa kuti amangirire ku DNA yamaselo amapapu monga guluu, kuonjezera chiopsezo chowonongeke.

Kupanda DNA kukonza: Ngakhalenso DNA mu maselo athu akuwonongeka mwanjira inayake, tili ndi dongosolo lalikulu kukonzanso DNA kuwonongeka. Matenda omwe amadziwika kuti amatulutsa mavitamini omwe amachititsa kuti DNA iwonongeke kapena kuti afe maselo osadziwika. Arsenic ndi nickel zimasokoneza njira zothetsera DNA yoonongeka.

Chitsanzo cha momwe izi zakhala zikudziwika ndi mtundu wa chotupa choyambitsa matenda omwe amatchedwa p53 gene . Geni ya p53 imayendetsa kusagwirizana kwa maselo mwa kusunga maselo kugawanitsa mofulumira kapena mwa njira yosadzitetezedwa. Zipangizo za TP53 za p53 mapuloteni omwe amatsogolera kapena kutaya maselo omwe ali ndi DNA yowonongeka kapena yosokonezeka. Mmodzi mwa ma carcinogens mu utsi wa fodya, benzo (o) pyrene, apezeka kuti akuwononga kwambiri p53 gene.

Kutupa: Nthawi iliyonse pamene selo ligawanika, pali mwayi kuti "ngozi" yotsanzira zamoyo za selo zidzachitika. Pamene maselo ayenera kugawa kawirikawiri kuti abweretse maselo oonongeka, monga pamene mpweya ukuwonongeka ndi utsi wa fodya, pali mwayi waukulu kuti imodzi mwa zolakwazi mu selo logawidwa-kusinthika-kudzachitika. Pali mankhwala ambiri mu utsi wa fodya womwe umayambitsa kutupa.

Kuwonongeka kwa cilia : Chilia ndizovala zofanana ndizing'ono zomwe zimayendetsa ndege. Cilia imatenga kwambiri poizoni ndikuwanyamula ndi kutuluka mumlengalenga ngati mphukira yapamwamba. Toxeni mu utsi wa fodya, monga formaldehyde, amawononga cilia kotero kuti sagwira ntchito pochotsa poizoni. Zoonjezera zina zotsekemera zimatha "kukhala" nthawi yayitali kuti ziwonongeke.

Ntchito yoteteza thupi kuthupi : Maselo athu amatetezedwa kuti aone ndi kuwononga maselo osadziwika monga maselo a khansa. Pamene chitetezo cha mthupi sichitha bwino, maselo oyambirira a khansa "akhoza kuthawa." Ma poizoni ena amtundu wa fodya angasokoneze chitetezo cha mthupi.

Kusuta, Fyuluta, ndi Mitundu ya Khansa Yam'mimba

Mitundu ya khansa yamapapu imapezeka mwa anthu omwe amasuta nthawi zambiri amasiyana ndi omwe sakhala osuta. Mankhwala a khansa ya m'magazi , yomwe imakhala pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya khansa ya m'mapapo, imachitika nthawi zonse mwa anthu omwe amasuta kapena akusuta. Osakhala ang'onoang'ono a mapangidwe a khansa (NSCLC) , mosiyana, ngakhale kuti makamaka amapezeka mwa anthu omwe akusuta, amakhalanso ndi osuta fodya (makamaka adenocarcinoma mtundu).

Kansa yaing'ono yamapapu ya m'mapapo (yomwe imayang'anira 85 peresenti ya khansa ya m'mapapo) imatha kusweka m'mapapo adenocarcinoma (pafupifupi 50 peresenti) khansa ya m'mapapo ya m'mapapo (pafupifupi 30 peresenti) ndi khansara yaikulu yamapapo ya m'mapapo (pafupifupi 10 peresenti.)

Kalekale, anthu omwe ankasuta ankakonda kukhala ndi khansa yamapapu yambiri , ndipo osakhala fodya, adenocarcinoma . Pogwiritsa ntchito kusinthanitsa kwa ndudu zosasakanizidwa, adenocarcinomas zakhala zikufala kwambiri kwa anthu omwe amasuta.

Maselo ang'onoang'ono a mapiritsi a khansa ndi khansa yapakhungu ya khansa imapezeka nthawi zambiri mumsewu waukulu-bronchi. Asanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa fodya mu ndudu, amaganiza kuti ambiri mwa matendawa amapezeka mumsewu waukuluwu. Ndi kuwonjezera kwa zowonongeka, zikuwoneka kuti khansa imayambitsidwa m'mapapo-malo omwe adenocarcinomas amapezeka.

Genetics, Kusuta, ndi Khansa Yam'mimba

Genetics ikhoza kuthandizira kugwirizana pakati pa kusuta ndi khansa yamapapo m'njira zingapo. Sitikudziwitseni kuti gululi ndi lotani, koma akuganiza kuti pangakhale chizoloŵezi chodziwika bwino cha chibadwa chokhala ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi chitukuko cha khansa ya m'mapapo.

Kuchokera kumbali ina, mbiri ya banja (jinikiti) ingagwire ntchito limodzi ndi kusuta kuti iwonjezere ngozi. Anthu ambiri amadziwika ndi kusintha kwa majeremusi a BRCA2 omwe amadziwika kuti amodzi mwa "mafupa a khansa ya m'mawere." Taphunzira kuti khansa ya m'mapapo imalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa BRCA2 . Akazi omwe amasuta ndi kutenga BRCA2 gene mutation ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi kansa ya m'mapapo.

Mafomu Ena Osuta ndi Khansa Yamapulo

Ndudu sizinthu zokha za fodya zomwe zimabweretsa chiopsezo cha khansa. Ndudu za clove, Kreteks, ndi Bidis zimapanganso ngozi.

Kusuta fodya ndi fodya kumawonjezera ngozi ya khansa ya m'mapapo. Mitundu iyi ya kusuta yakhala ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi khansara yaing'ono ya mapapo ya m'mapapo ndi squamous cell carcinoma m'mapapu. Sitikudziwa kuti nthawi zambiri pipe yoputa fodya imabweretsa khansa yamapapu, koma osuta fodya amaganiza kuti amakhala ndi chiopsezo cha khansa yamapapo pafupi kasanu poyerekeza ndi osuta fodya.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, sadziwa ngati chiguduli chimayambitsa matenda a khansa ya m'mapapo . Mavitamini ambiri omwe amapezeka mu utsi wa fodya amapezeka mu utsi wa chamba, komabe maphunziro akhala akusakanikirana-ena akuwonetsa kuwonjezeka ndipo ena akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa khansa ya m'mapapo. Zingakhale kuti pali njira imodzi yokha yogwiritsira ntchito, monga utsi wa chamba ungakhale ndi zotsatira zotsutsana ndi khansa, makamaka ponena za mtundu wa ubongo wa ubongo.

Ndizovuta kwambiri kudziwa ngati hookah kusuta imayambitsa khansara yamapapo , koma pali zodetsa nkhaŵa zazikulu. Kupenda kafukufuku amene anachita pakati pa 1997 ndi 2014 kunapeza kuti hooka imasuta ali ndi khansa 27. Mitundu ya mankhwalawa imasiyana, komatu ena amakhala ndi zikuluzikulu komanso ena ochepa kuposa omwe amasuta fodya. Benzene, mwachitsanzo, ndi kagajeni kamodzi kamene kamapezeka m'mapamwamba kwambiri mu hookah utsi kuposa utsi wa ndudu. Hooka imatulutsiranso anthu ku khansa yosagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri m'sitima-makala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha fodya mu phala. Kusuta fodya kumaphatikizidwa kwambiri mu liwu lalikulu kuposa utsi wa ndudu.

Zasonyezedwa kuti e-ndudu ingawononge maselo a mapapu , koma monga ndi hookah, sitikudziwa kuti zotsatira zake-ngati zilipo -zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa khansara ya m'mapapo. Poganizira zotsatira za e-ndudu ndi hooka, ndikofunika kukumbukira nthawi ya latency ndi khansa. Nthaŵi ya latency imatchulidwa kuti ndi nthawi pakati pa kugonana ndi khansa komanso kumapeto kwa khansa. Pogwiritsa ntchito kusuta, nthawi yamba ya latency ndi zaka 30.

Nthendayi ndi Ngozi ya Khansa Yam'mimba

Kodi kugwirizana kwa chikonga ndi khansa ndi chiyani? Ndi mankhwala opangira mankhwala a nikotini omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa omwe akuyesera kusiya kusuta fodya, funso loti kaya nthenda yotchedwa nicotine yokha imapangitsa kuti chiopsezo cha khansa chikhale chofunikira.

Ngakhale kuti nicotine ndiyomwe imayambitsa kusuta kwa ndudu, ndipo ikhoza kukhala poizoni, chikonga sikuti chimakhala chokha. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti m'malo mochita nawo chidwi choyambitsa khansa, mankhwalawa amatha kugwira ntchito molimbikitsanso kukula kwa khansa.

Izi sizikutanthauza kuti chikonga chimayenera kuwala kofiira pakabwera khansara. Kwa omwe ali ndi khansa, pali njira zingapo zomwe nikotini sizingakhale bwino. Anapezeka-mu mbewa mwinamwake-kuti chikonga chinapangitsa kuti chotupa chikule komanso kufalikira ( metastasis ) ya maselo osaphatikizapo a khansa ya m'mapapo. Amaganiziranso kuti chikonga chingapangitse angiogenesis -luso la chotupa kuti apange mitsempha ya magazi. Komanso, chikonga chingachepetse mphamvu ya chemotherapy.

Utsi Wachiwiri ndi Khansa Yam'mimba

Kusuta fodya ndi chiwopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo ndipo imalingalira kuti imayambitsa pafupifupi 7300 kufa kwa khansa ya m'mapapo chaka chilichonse. Wosuta fodya yemwe amakhala ndi wosuta ( kusuta fodya ) ali ndi mwayi waukulu pakati pa 20 ndi 30 peresenti ya khansa ya m'mapapo. (Utsi wa Secondhand umaganiziranso kuti umayambitsa matenda okwana 34,000 okwana mtima chaka chilichonse.)

Utsi wa Sidestream , utsi woperekedwa ndi ndudu yoyaka moto, umakhala pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya utsi umene osasuta amavumbula, ndi utsi wambiri , utsi wozembera ndi wosuta, womwe umawerengera makumi asanu ndi awiri otsala. Tikuphunziranso momwe kusiyana kumeneku kungayambitsire khansa ya m'mapapo yosiyana siyana kwa osuta fodya komanso osasuta.

Thirdhand utsi -zigawo ndi magetsi otsalira pambuyo pa ndudu zikuzimidwa-zikhoza kukhala ndi poizoni, koma sitikudziwa ngati zimakhudza vuto la khansa ya m'mapapo.

Kusuta Pambuyo Podziwa Matenda a Khansa Yam'mimba (kapena Khansa Yonse)

Ngakhale munthu atapezeka kuti ali ndi khansara yamapapo, kusiya kusuta kungapangitse kusiyana. Kusiya kusuta ndi khansa ya m'mapapo ikhoza:

Pangani mwayi kuti mupulumuke. Kafukufuku wina mwa odwala omwe ali ndi khansara yamapapu yapamwamba anapeza kuti kupulumuka kwapakati pakati pa omwe adasiya kugonana ndi miyezi 28, mosiyana ndi miyezi 18 kwa iwo amene anapitiriza kusuta.
Thandizani kuchepetsa matenda a khansa ya m'mapapo .
Kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha mavuto ndi opaleshoni. Kusuta kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha mtima ndi kupuma kwapambuyo pakutsata opaleshoni. Amene amasuta amakhalanso ndi matenda opatsirana pambuyo ndipo amachiritsidwa kwambiri.
Pezani zizindikiro zomwe mumakumana nazo ndi khansara yamapapo. Anthu amene amapitirizabe kusuta atatha kudwala matenda a kansa amakhala ochepa kwambiri kuposa ululu waukulu kuposa omwe angathe kusiya ndudu.
Limbikitsani mayankho anu kuchipatala. Ngakhale khansara yamapapu siinayesedwe makamaka, anthu omwe ali ndi khansara ya mutu ndi khosi amayankha bwino kwambiri mankhwalawa ngati atasiya kusuta. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kusuta kumachepetsa mphamvu ya mankhwala enaake, ndipo amachepetsetsa magazi omwe akuwongolera Tarceva (erlotinib) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochizira khansa ya m'mapapo.

Pewani vuto la mavuto okhudzana ndi chithandizo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe amasuta amatha kukhala ndi mpweya wotchedwa radiation pneumonitis ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuposa omwe samasuta.
Limbikitsani khalidwe lanu la moyo. Anthu omwe akupitiriza kusuta ndi khansa amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, amakhala ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri, ndipo amakhala ndi vuto lachitetezo cha anthu omwe asiya.
Pezani chiopsezo chanu chakufa kuchokera ku zinthu zina osati khansa ya m'mapapo.
Pewani chiopsezo chanu chokhala ndi khansa yachiwiri yapamwamba. Osati kokha omwe ali ndi khansara pangozi yowonjezera khansara yachiwiri yosagwirizanitsa, koma mankhwala ochiritsira khansa monga chemotherapy ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiwonjezere ngozi.
Pewani kusuta kwa anthu osuta fodya pafupi ndi utsi wothandizira.

Onani zifukwa khumi zapamwamba zosiya kusuta fodya pambuyo pozindikira kuti khansa .

Kuwongolera Khansa Yam'mimba

Monga tanenera kale, khansara yamapapo imakhala yowonjezereka kwa anthu omwe kale anali osuta kuposa omwe amasuta fodya, koma izi siziri chifukwa cha mantha. Kwa iwo omwe adasuta kale, tsopano pali kuyezetsa kuyesera komwe kuli koyambirira kwa kansalu yamapapo. Zimaganizidwa kuti ngati aliyense woyenera kufufuza anayesedwa, chiwerengero cha kufa kwa khansa ya m'mapapo chikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi 20 peresenti ku United States.

M'mbuyomu, zinkaganiziridwa kuti kuchita chifuwa chaka chilichonse x-ray kungathandize kuchepetsa kansa ya m'mapapo kumayambiriro, koma izi sizikulimbikitsanso. Ngakhale kuti chifuwa x-rays chingapeze khansa yamapapu, zinapezeka kuti kuyang'ana khansara yamapapu ndi chifuwa cha-x rays yekha sikunachepetse chiŵerengero cha imfa kuchokera ku khansa ya m'mapapo; mayeserowa sanathe kupeza khansa ya m'mapapo nthawi yoyenera.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kansalu ya khansa ya mapaipi ya CT imapezeka kuti imapeza khansa ya m'mapapo pa siteji pomwe kuchiza matendako kungapangitse kukhala ndi moyo.

Kuyeza kansa ya m'mapapo ya CT kukulimbikitsidwa kuti:

Anthu a zaka zapakati pa 55 ndi 80.
Anthu omwe ali ndi mbiri yosachepera zaka makumi atatu (30) za kusuta fodya (Chaka chokwanira chikuwerengedwa ndi kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha zaka za kusuta nthawi yomwe phukusi la fodya limasuta tsiku ndi tsiku) Mwachitsanzo, ngati wina akusuta phukusi ziwiri patsiku kwa 15 zaka iwo adzakhala ndi mbiri ya phukusi yazaka 30 za kusuta.)
Amene amapitiriza kusuta kapena kusiya m'zaka 15 zapitazo.
Anthu omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino kotero kuti akhoza kuchitidwa opaleshoni ngati kansa yapezeka.

Chinthu chosayembekezereka ndi chakuti anthu amene akudwala kansa ya m'mapapo amatha kusuta fodya.

Nkhanza za Khansa ya M'mimba

Popeza kusuta kumagwirizanitsa ndi khansa yambiri yamapapo, pali chisokonezo chokhudzana ndi khansa ya m'mapapo . Nkhanza kuti mwinamwake anthu adayambitsa matenda awo ndi "oyenerera" kukhala ndi khansa. Tsankho ili ndi lovulaza komanso losalungama. Sitikukumana ndi anthu omwe ali olemera kwambiri kapena ochepa kwambiri omwe amasonyeza kuti ali ndi udindo wa matenda omwe amakula. Mosasamala kanthu za chifukwa cha khansara, kapena chikhalidwe chirichonse pa nkhaniyi, anthu omwe akulimbana ndi matenda aakulu amadalira kusamalira kwathu kosasamala ndi kuthandizira.

'Anthu Osuta Fodya' Odwala Matenda Omwe Amakhala Osuta Fodya

Mwinamwake mwamvapo wina akufotokozapo kale kuti ali ndi khansa ya m'mapapo yosasuta. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa khansa ya m'mapapo mwa osakhala fodya komanso khansa ya m'mapapo mwa anthu omwe amasuta kuchokera kuchipatala. Khansara ya m'mimba mwa anthu omwe amasuta amakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chosasunthika pa gawo lirilonse la matendawa ndipo kawirikawiri sakhala ndi "kusintha kwamasinthasintha" komwe kungaperekedwe ndi mankhwala opatsirana. Izi zinati, mankhwala omwe amateteza thupi lawo amatha kukhala othandiza kwambiri pakati pa omwe akusuta kusiyana ndi osuta fodya.

Mosiyana ndi kusiyana kwa mankhwalawa, komabe kusiyanitsa pakati pa osuta ndi khansa ya m'mapapo sikumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi manyazi. Ndikofunika kuti tilengeze anthu omwe ali ndi khansara yamapapu mosasamala kanthu za kusuta fodya kuti adziwitse ndikuwonjezereka ndalama zowonjezera zomwe zingapangitse zotsatira za aliyense yemwe ali ndi matendawa.

Zothandizira kuti muzisiye

Mwachiwonekere, khansa ya m'mapapo imayambitsa chiopsezo cha kusuta, ndipo ngakhale atapezeka kuti akudwala matendawa, kusuta ndikovulaza. Ngati mumasuta ndikusowa thandizo kuti musiye, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu. Tengani kamphindi kuti muwone njira 10 zothandizira kusuta kwa nicotine, monga kusuta kwa chikonga ndilovuta kwambiri kusiya. Ndipo onetsetsani kuti muwone nkhani yotsatira yomwe imapereka chidziwitso kuchokera ku malingaliro othandizira kuti mupindule:

Mutaleka Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bokosi la Chida.

Kuchepetsa Vuto Lanu la Khansa Yam'mimba monga Wopanga (kapena ngakhale Womwe) Wosuta

Kwa omwe adayamba kusuta, zingakhale zowawa kwambiri kuti mudziwe kuti mudakali pangozi. Kodi mungatani?

Choyamba ndikulankhulana ndi adokotala za CT. Kodi mumakumana ndi mayesero a mayesowa, kapena pali zifukwa zina zomwe muyenera kufufuzidwa? Pamene khansa yamapapu imapezeka kumayambiriro koyambirira, amatha kuchiritsidwa kwambiri kusiyana ndi omwe amapezeka mtsogolo.

Kuwonjezera apo, ganizirani zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a kansa yamapapo . Simungathe kubwerera ndikusiya kusuta ali wamng'ono, koma pali zinthu zomwe mungachite. Mwachitsanzo, popeza radon imafika pakhomo ndi kachiwiri kachitidwe ka khansa ya m'mapapo, onetsetsani kuti muyang'ane mlingo wa radon kunyumba kwanu.

Ndipo kumbukirani kuti kuchepetsa chiopsezo chanu sikukutanthauza kutsatira mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe muyenera kupewa. Kuchepetsa chiopsezo chanu kungakhale kosangalatsa. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa ngati kulima kawiri pa sabata kwapezeka kuti kuchepetsa chiopsezo ndi kuwonjezera zina mwa zokwawazi pofuna kuchepetsa ngozi ya khansa ya m'mapapo kuti zakudya zanu zikhale zokoma.

Mawu Ochokera

Monga taonera kale, zikuonekeratu kuti kusuta kumayambitsa kansa ya m'mapapo ndi kuti ngakhale omwe kale anali kusuta ali pangozi. Komabe sikuchedwa kwambiri kusiya kusuta kapena kusintha moyo wanu m'njira zina. Ndipotu, anthu ambiri omwe adayambitsa chizoloŵezichi amapeza kuti samangomva bwino, koma amamva kuti ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezera thanzi lawo m'njira zina.

Monga chitsimikizo chomaliza, ngati mumadziwa wina yemwe ali ndi kansa ya m'mapapo, kuchepetsa kunyada kwa matendawa kungayambike ndi aliyense wa ife. Ziribe kanthu ngati wina wasuta fodya kapena ayi. Anthu omwe ali ndi kansa ya m'mapapo amafunikira thandizo lathu lodzipereka. Chithandizo cha matendawa chikukulirakulira ndipo chiyembekezo cha moyo chikukula. Pamene tikhoza kuthetsa manyaziwa, patali tikhoza kusintha kusintha kwa wina aliyense amene amve mawu awa owopsya mtima: "Muli ndi khansara yamapapu."

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class = "ql-cite"> National Cancer Institute. Kusuta Fodya ndi Phindu Labwino Chosiya. Kusinthidwa 12/02/14. class = "ql-cite"> http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/cessation-fact-sheet

class = "ql-cite"> National Library of Medicine. Mbiri Za Sayansi. Mauthenga a Opaleshoni Wamkulu. 1964 Report on Smoking and Health. class = "ql-cite"> https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/Views/Exhibit/narrative/smoking.html

class = "ql-cite"> Pita HI. (2010). Malamulo ndi machitidwe a khansa ya m'mapapo: Buku lolembedwa ndi IASLC. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Werenganinso V, Ng N, Tesfaye F, Becher H. class = "ql-cite"> Kulosera za Khansa Yam'mimba Kufa kwa Kusuta Fodya Prevalence Data class = "ql-cite">. class = "ql-cite"> Kalasi yowonongeka = "ql-cite">. 2011; 74 (2): 170-7.