Ngati mwawamva mawu akuti pack-years, mwachitsanzo, pozindikira ngati mukukumana ndi zofunikira zowunikira khansa ya m'mapapo (onani m'munsimu), mwina mukuganiza kuti izi zikutanthauza chiyani. Tiyeni tiwone tanthawuzo, ndipo chifukwa chake, mawuwa ndi ofunika kwambiri.
Tanthauzo
Mawu akuti "paketi-zaka" ndiyeso ya momwe winawake wasuta. Popeza khansara yamapapu imagwirizana ndi nambala ya ndudu, kusagwiritsa ntchito phukusi-zaka zingathandize madokotala kupeza anthu omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha khansa ya m'mapapo .
Si kansa ya m'mapapo chabe, komabe chiwerengero cha zaka zowonjezera zomwe munthu akusuta zimathandiza kuwunika kuopsa kwa matenda a mtima, matenda ena ammapapu, ndi zoopsa zokhudzana ndi matenda ena ndi khansa chifukwa cha kusuta.
Chaka chimodzi chokwanira kusuta chikanatanthauza kuti wina adasuta ndudu imodzi (ndudu 20) tsiku ndi chaka.
Kugwiritsira ntchito paketi-zaka kumathandiza madokotala osati kungowerengera chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo koma chiopsezo cha zinthu zina zambiri zokhudzana ndi kusuta. Chiwerengero cha phukusi zaka ndi zothandiza kwambiri ngati chiwerengero cha nambala ya fodya yomwe imasuta poyang'ana maphunziro a kusuta ndi matenda.
Chiwerengero cha zaka zowonjezera kusuta ndi kuopsa kwa matenda kungakhale ndi zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti amayi amayamba kutengeka ndi khansa m'magetsi chifukwa amayi amawoneka kuti amakhala ndi kansa ya m'mapapo patatha zaka zingapo za kusuta kusiyana ndi amuna.
Kulemba Pakiti-Zaka
Tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo zina kuti muthe kuwerengera chiwerengero cha zaka zomwe mumasuta.
Ngati N imaimira chiwerengero cha ndudu za fodya tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo T imayimira kuchuluka kwa zaka za kusuta, ndiye PY ikufanana ndi paketi-zaka zomwe zasuta. Ma equation amawoneka ngati awa:
N x T = PY
Tsopano tiyeni tichite mawerengero angapo:
Jill amasuta fodya 1 wa ndudu tsiku ndi tsiku kwa zaka 20. Ali ndi mbiri yazaka 20 zapakati pa kusuta. Kuphatikiza N (1 pakiti) nthawi 20 (zaka kusuta) zimakhala zaka 20 pack.
Frank ankasuta mapepala 2 a fodya tsiku lililonse kwa zaka 30. Kuphatikiza N (2 mapake) ndi N (zaka 30,) Frank ali ndi zaka 60 zapaka mbiri yosuta fodya
Eleanor anasuta ndudu 10 (pakiti 1/2) pa tsiku kwa zaka 30. Kuphatikiza N (0,5 mapaketi pa tsiku) ndi T (zaka 30,) Eleanor ali ndi mbiri ya zaka 15 za kusuta.
Ngozi ya Khansa Yam'mimba
Kawirikawiri, zaka zambiri za phukusi zomwe mumasuta, zimakhala ndi mwayi waukulu wodwala khansa. Pamene chiwerengero cha zaka-pakiti chimaikidwa pa graph, pali kusiyana pakati pa pakiti-zaka ndi khansa. Chiwerengero cha zaka zowonjezera chimati zambiri zokhudza chiopsezo chanu kusiyana ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe mumasuta.
Izi zinati, mgwirizano pakati pa pakiti-zaka za kusuta ndi khansa yamapapo ndizowerengera, ndipo anthu pawokha samatsatira "malamulo." Khansara yam'mimba imapezeka osasuta ndipo kwenikweni, khansa ya m'mapapo mwa osuta fodya ndiyo nambala 7 yomwe imayambitsa matenda a khansa ku United States. Kumbali ina, ambiri a ife timadziwa za wina yemwe anali wosuta kwambiri moyo wonse ndipo analibe khansa ya m'mapapo
Zaka Zakale, Zakale Zomwe Zimasuta Fodya, ndi Ngozi ya Khansa Yam'mimba
Kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha pakiti-zaka ndi kofunikira kwa omwe adayamba kusuta koma tsopano asiya. Mosiyana ndi matenda a mtima, chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo chikhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali munthu atasiya kusuta ndipo sadzabwererenso.
Amene akusuta akupitiriza kukhala pachiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo ngakhale patatha zaka zambiri atasiya. M'mawu ena, ngati muli ndi mbiri ya zaka 40 za kusuta fodya, koma kusiya zaka 12 zapitazo, mudakali pangozi. Mukhoza kulandira kansa ya mapapo ndipo muyenera kutsimikiza kuti mukuzindikira zizindikiro zoyambirira za khansa ya m'mapapo .
Choopsya chimenechi chimavuta kumvetsa ngati muwone chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amapezeka lero omwe akusuta.
Pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya anthu amene angoyamba kumene kupeza kuti ndi osuta fodya, kutanthauza kuti sanasuta, kapena kuti anasiya kale. Popeza kuti pafupifupi 10 mpaka 20 peresenti ya khansa ya m'mapapo imapezeka mwa anthu osasuta, chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'mapapo masiku ano ndi omwe amasuta fodya kale.
Kusiya kusuta kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo, koma kuchepetsa chiopsezo kumachepa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi kuchepetsa matenda a mtima.
Mliri wa Matenda a Mtima
Chiwerengero cha zaka-paketi wina akusuta chikugwirizana ndi khansa ya m'mapapo koma ndi matenda a mtima. Ndipotu, matenda a mtima amachititsa kuti anthu ambiri amasuta fodya, ndipo utsi wochuluka kwambiri umakhala ndi matenda a mtima kuposa khansara yamapapo.
Matenda Ena
Ngati mumasuta kale, mukhoza kukhala ndi chidwi chophunzira za khansa zambiri zokhudzana ndi kusuta komanso zochitika zina zamankhwala zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kusuta .
Kuwongolera Khansa Yam'mimba
Posachedwapa, madokotala akhala akuphunzira chiwerengero cha zaka zambiri za kusuta kuti adziwe omwe ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi khansara yamapapo . Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zaka 30 za mbiri ya kusuta, ali pakati pa zaka zapakati pa 55 ndi 80, ndipo akupitiriza kusuta kapena kusiya zaka 15 zapitazi, ndi omwe akufuna kuwonetsa kansa ya mapapo. Kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito njira zimenezi apeza kuti kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu odwala khansa ya m'mapapo kungawonongeke ndi 20 peresenti ya anthu omwe akukumana ndi izi.
Matenda a Disease
Mafomuwa alipo tsopano omwe ali ndi paketi-zaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulingalira chiopsezo chokhala ndi mikhalidwe monga khansara yamapapo ndi COPD. Pa chiŵerengero cha anthu, owerengera awa angatipatse ife chidziwitso chabwino ponena za chiopsezo, koma pali zopereŵera zingapo pakuyang'ana mtengo wa anthu omwe ali. Pali zifukwa zambiri zoopsya za khansa ya m'mapapo,) kapena khansa ya m'mapapo,) zomwe sizikuwerengedwera muziwerengerozi, ndipo chiopsezo cha munthu chikhoza kukhala chachikulu kapena chocheperapo kusiyana ndi chomwe chanenedweratu pogwiritsa ntchito chiyeso ichi chokha.
Zolepheretsa
Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha zaka zowonjezera zomwe munthu akusuta ndi chida chothandiza pozindikira chiopsezo, sizonyenga. Pali kutsutsana kuti nthawi ya kusuta ingakhale yofunika kwambiri, makamaka pakuzindikira khansa ya m'mapapu. Kusamba kwa kusuta kungakhale ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, anthu awiri omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chofanana chokhacho chokhazikika pa zaka-paketi, yemwe anayamba kusuta ali msinkhu akhoza kukhala pangozi yaikulu.
Mawu Ochokera
Popeza mukuyang'ana tanthawuzo la zaka-pakiti, mukhoza kumangoganizira za mbiri yanu yosuta fodya (kapena ya wachibale wanu kapena mnzanu.) Tili pano kukudziwitsani kuti ngakhale mutasuta kale, pali zinthu mungachite kuti mukhale bwino. Ngati mumasuta kale, onetsetsani kuti muyang'ane zoyenera zowunikira khansa ya m'mapapo. Ngati mumasuta, sikuchedwa kwambiri kusiya. Ndipo nthawi zonse pali zinthu zomwe mungachite kuti muchepetse vuto lanu la khansa ya m'mapapo. Malingaliro othandizira kuchepetsa chiopsezo chanu, mutha kudya zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zomwe zingachepetse chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kozama kwa sayansi.
> Zotsatira:
> Blackmon, S., ndi S. Feinglass. Gulu la United States Preventive Services Task Force limalimbikitsa kuti ayang'ane khansa yamapapo. Zipatala Zopha Opaleshoni . 2015. 25 (2): 199-203.
> Fucito, L., Czabafy, S., Hendricks, P. et al. Kupanga kusuta fodya ndi mapulogalamu a khansa yamapapo: Kuwunikira kuchokera kwa Association for Treatment of Fodya Use and Dependence ndi Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. Khansa . 2016. 122 (8): 1150-9.
> Guaraldi, G. et al. Mafupa ndi Matenda a Mtima Amanenedwa Bwino ndi Kuyika Pakati-Zaka Zoposa kuposa Kusuta kapena Nthawi Yoputa Kusuta kwa HIV Odwala. PLoS One . 2015. 10 (12): e0143700.
> Peto, J. Kuti zotsatira za kusuta ziyenera kuyesedwa mu paketi-zaka: zolakwika 4. British Journal ya Cancer . 2012. 107 (3): 406-407.