Kuwonjezeka mu Lifespan kuchokera ku Prehistory Kupyolera mu Masiku Era
Kodi anthu akhalako nthawi yayitali bwanji? Nthawi zambiri mumamva chiwerengero cha miyoyo ya anthu omwe anakhalapo mazana, ngakhale zikwi zapitazo. Kodi makolo athu anamwalira ali ndi zaka 30 kapena 40 nthawi imeneyo? Pano pali chiyambi chokhala ndi moyo wautali m'mbiri yonse kuti ikuthandizeni kumvetsa momwe moyo wa moyo ndi moyo wa moyo watembenuka patapita nthawi.
Zamoyo Zomwe Zimayendera vs. Moyo Wotheka
Mawu akuti chiyembekezo cha moyo amatanthawuza moyo wautali wa chiwerengero chonse cha anthu, kuganizira ziwerengero zonse zakufa kwa gulu lirilonse la anthu. Miyoyo ya moyo ndi chiwerengero cha kutalika kwenikweni kwa moyo wa munthu. Ngakhale kuti mawu onsewa akuwoneka bwino, zosawerengeka za mbiri yakale ndi zolemba zina zakhala zovuta kwa ofufuza kudziwa momwe anthu opulumutsira moyo adasinthira m'mbiri yonse.
Miyoyo ya Munthu Oyambirira
Mpaka pano posachedwapa, pang'onozing'ono pangakhale zidziwitso zazing'ono zomwe anthu akhala akukhalapo. Pokhala ndi zochepa zochepa zamoyo zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zolemba mbiri zikhale zovuta kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale kulingalira chiwerengero cha anthu onse. Aphunzitsi a chikhalidwe cha anthu a Rachel Rachel Caspari ndi Sang-Hee Lee, a University of Central Michigan ndi University of California ku Riverside, adasankha kufufuza zaka zambiri za mafupa omwe amapezeka kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Africa, Europe, ndi kwina.
Pambuyo poyerekeza chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anafera achinyamata ndi omwe anafa atakalamba, gululi linatsimikiza kuti moyo wautali unayamba kuwonjezeka kwambiri-ndiko kuti, zaka zoposa 30 kapena zoposa-zaka 30,000 zapitazo, zomwe ziri mochedwa kwambiri msinkhu wa kusintha kwaumunthu. M'nkhani yomwe inafotokozedwa mu 2011 mu Scientific American, Caspari imatchula kusintha kosinthika kwa "kusinthika kwa agogo aamuna," monga nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya anthu kuti mibadwo itatu idzakhalapo.
M'zaka Zakale Kwambiri
Zoyembekeza za moyo zomwe zikuwonetseratu anthu onse akusowa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa umboni wodalirika womwe unasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera nthawi izi. M'nkhani ya 2010 yomwe inalembedwa mu Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences gerontologist ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ya zamoyo Caleb Finch amafotokoza kuti nthawi zambiri zaka za chi Greek ndi Aroma zinali zochepa pazaka zapakati pa 20 mpaka 35, ngakhale iye akudandaula kuti nambalayi ndi " mwatsatanetsatane "manda a epitaphs ndi zitsanzo.
Pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake yakale, Finch amalembetsa mavuto omwe amachititsa kuchepetsa moyo wa mbiri yakale komanso zomwe zimayambitsa imfa muzomwekudziwitse. Monga akatswiri ofufuza, iye ndi akatswiri ena okhulupirira chisinthiko amasonyeza kuti kuyerekezera kwabwino kungapangidwe ndi deta ya anthu kuchokera kuzipangizo zakale za Sweden (pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800) ndi anthu ena omwe amakhalapo, ochepa, osuta-modzi m'mayiko monga Venezuela ndi Brazil.
Finch akulemba kuti kuwona izi ndizimene zimayambitsa imfa muzaka zoyambirira izi zikanakhala matenda, kaya ndi matenda opatsirana kapena mabala omwe amachititsidwa ndi ngozi kapena kumenyana. Kukhala ndi moyo wosasamala komanso kuchepa kwa chithandizo chamankhwala chokwanira kunapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka 35 zokha.
Imeneyi ndiyo nthawi yomwe munthu amakhala ndi moyo panthawi yobereka , yomwe imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi imfa ya ana. Sizitanthawuza kuti munthu wamba yemwe amakhala m'chaka cha 1200 AD anamwalira ali ndi zaka 35. M'malo mwake, kwa mwana aliyense yemwe anafa ali wakhanda, munthu wina akhoza kukhala ndi moyo kuti awone tsiku la kubadwa kwawo kwa makumi asanu ndi awiri. Zaka zapakati pazaka khumi ndi zisanu (15) zakubadwa zidakali zovuta, chifukwa cha zoopsa za matenda, kuvulala, ndi ngozi. Anthu omwe anapulumuka nthawi yovuta iyi ya moyo akhoza kuchititsa kuti akhale okalamba.
Matenda ena opatsirana monga kolera , chifuwa chachikulu , ndi nthomba zingapitirize kuchepetsa moyo wautali, koma palibe ngakhale pangozi yomwe imayambitsa mliri wa bubonic m'zaka za m'ma 1400.
Mliri Wachiwawa unadutsa ku Asia ndi ku Ulaya, ndipo unapha gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu a ku Ulaya, ndikukhalitsa moyo wautali kwa nthawi yochepa.
Kuyambira m'ma 1800 mpaka lero
Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1500 mpaka m'chaka cha 1800, moyo wa anthu onse ku Ulaya unapitirira pakati pa zaka 30 ndi 40. Kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, Finch akulemba kuti chiyembekezo cha moyo pa kubadwa chawonjezeka kawiri pazaka khumi zokha. Kupititsa patsogolo chithandizo chamankhwala, kuyeretsa, kuyezetsa katemera, kupeza madzi abwino, komanso zakudya zabwino kwambiri ndizowonjezeka.
Ngakhale n'zovuta kulingalira, madokotala amangoyamba kusamba m'manja nthawi zonse asanachite opaleshoni pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800. Kumvetsetsa bwino ukhondo ndi kulandira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kwapangitsa kuti pakhale thanzi labwino. Matenda anali adakalipobe, komabe, ndipo adakhudzidwa ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo. Mafinya, typhoid , ndi matenda monga rheumatic fever ndi chiwopsezo chofiira zonse zinali zofala pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800.
Ngakhale posachedwapa mu 1921, mayiko monga Canada adakali ndi chiwerengero cha imfa ya ana pafupifupi 10 peresenti, kutanthauza kuti mwana mmodzi pa khumi aliwonse sanafe. Malingana ndi Statistics Canada, izi zikutanthawuza kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wathanzi kapena kuti moyo wake umakhala wapamwamba kwambiri pa zaka zambiri kusiyana ndi kubadwa-chikhalidwe chimene chinapitirirabe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980.
Masiku ano mayiko ambiri otukuka amapanga ziŵerengero za moyo wokhala ndi moyo zaka zoposa 75, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kolembedwa ndi Central Intelligence Agency.
Mtsogolomu
Ofufuza ena adaneneratu kuti zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo monga kunenepa kwambiri zidzasintha kapena kusintha kusintha kwa moyo kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri yamakono. Akatswiri odziwa za matenda a shuga ndi azimayi monga S. Jay Olshanky akuchenjeza kuti ku United States komwe anthu awiri mwa atatu alionse ali olemera kwambiri kapena olemera kwambiri-kunenepa kwambiri komanso mavuto ake, monga matenda a shuga , akhoza kuchepetsa chiyembekezo cha moyo m'mibadwo yonse Zaka za m'ma 2100.
Padakali pano, kukulitsa chiyembekezo cha moyo kumadzulo kumabweretsa uthenga wabwino komanso woipa-ndibwino kukhala ndi moyo wautali, koma tsopano muli pachiopsezo cha mtundu wa matenda omwe akugunda mutakula. Matendawa okhudzana ndi msinkhuwu ndi odwala matenda a mitsempha , khansa zina, shuga, ndi dementia .
Ngakhale kuti zingakhudze kuchuluka kwa umoyo wa moyo wawo , zambiri mwazirombozi zingathe kuchepetsedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa kudzera muzochita zathanzi zotsatila monga kutsata chakudya chokalamba , kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse ndikusunga mahomoni opanikizika monga cortisol.
Zotsatira:
> Beltrán-Sánchez H, Crimmins EM, Finch CE. Anthu oyambirira amtunduwu akulosera kuchuluka kwa ukalamba mu gulu: kuwunika kwa mbiriyakale. Journal of Early Origins of Health and Disease . 2012; 3 (05): 380-386. lembani: 10.1017 / s2040174412000281.
> Kuyerekeza kwa Dziko: Moyo Wopangika pa Kubadwa. US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Chidziwitso cha Anthu. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html.
> Finch CE. Kusinthika kwa moyo waumunthu ndi matenda a ukalamba: Ntchito za matenda, kutupa, ndi zakudya. PNAS , January 26, 2010, vol. 107, masamba 1718-1724.
> Health at Glance: Kusiyana kwa Moyo pa Chiyembekezo pa Kubadwa. Masamba achidziwitso a Public Statistics. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2011001/article/11427-eng.htm
> Olshansky SJ, Carnes BA. "Tsogolo la moyo wautali," mu International Handbook Population Population , yomwe inakambidwa ndi mkonzi wa Uhlenberg P.. (New York, NY: Springer;), 731-745. 2009.