Chifuwa chachikulu (TB) ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amabwera chifukwa cha matenda a chifuwa cha Mycobacterium TB , bacterium yomwe imakula ndikugawira mkati mwa maselo. Matendawa, omwe amayamba m'mapapu, amachititsa kuti mitsempha yotchedwa tubercles imveke. Pakapita nthawi, matendawa akhoza kufalikira kwa ziwalo zina, kuphatikizapo impso, ubongo, ndi msana. Maantibayotiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chifuwa chachikulu, ngakhale kuti mankhwala samakhala ophweka kapena othandiza nthawi zonse.
TB si chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito katemera ku United States ndipo ikhoza kupha ngati sichitsatiridwa.
Mbiri Yachidule
TB yakhala ikuzungulira kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Nthawi zambiri ankatchedwa "kumwa" chifukwa cha kulemera kwakukulu komwe kungayambitse. Zisanafike zaka za m'ma 1940, pamene mankhwala ophera tizilombo a streptomycin adapezeka, panalibe zambiri zoti zichitike. Mpweya wabwino, zakudya zabwino, ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa zinkaganiziridwa kukhala zothandiza, koma sizinkagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Nthaŵi zina, madokotala amayesa kuchotsa mapapu odwala. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1700 mpaka m'ma 1900, amakhulupirira kuti mmodzi mwa anthu asanu anafa ndi chifuwa chachikulu.
Komabe ndi mtsogoleri wotsogolera padziko lonse, chifuwa chachikulu cha TB chikuchepa kwambiri ku United States kusiyana ndi kale lonse, ngakhale kuti matendawa akhala akuwonjezeka m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Malingana ndi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), milandu 9,272 ya TB inalembedwa ku United States mu 2016.
Kubwezeretsedwa kwa TB ku United States kunanenedwa kuti ndi mbali yopita ku mayiko omwe TB imakhalapo, komanso kugwirizana ndi mliri wa HIV.
Zizindikiro
Pamene munthu wathanzi ali ndi kachilombo ka TB, maselo awo a chitetezo cha thupi amateteza ku matendawa ndipo amachititsa kuti mabakiteriya apite ku mawonekedwe osachitidwa omwe samayambitsa matenda komanso osawopsa. izi zimadziwika ngati matenda opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito TB.
N'zotheka kukhala ndi TB yosachiritsika popanda kupanga mtundu wodwala wa matendawa.
Ngati chitetezo cha mthupi chimafooka, matendawa akhoza kukhala achangu, kuchititsa zizindikiro ndi matenda opatsirana. Pafupifupi 3 peresenti mpaka 5 peresenti ya anthu amakhala ndi TB yogwira mtima mkati mwa chaka cholandira zotsatira zabwino kuchokera ku mayeso a khungu la TB.
Chizindikiro chosindikiza cha TB yogwira mtima ndi chifuwa choipa chomwe chimapanga phlegm ya magazi ndipo ikhoza kuthera masabata atatu kapena angapo. Zizindikiro zina zimaphatikizapo kupweteka pamtima, kutopa, kusowa kwa kudya, kulemera, kutentha thupi, kutentha, ndi kutuluka usiku.
Zimayambitsa
Chifuwa chachikulu ndi matenda osakanikirana, kufalikira makamaka kudzera m'malovu otulutsidwa mumlengalenga munthu atatulutsa chifuwa, kutaya, kapena kunjenjemera. Kuopsa kwa kachilombo ka HIV ndi kwakukulu kwa iwo amene amakhala nthawi yaitali m'mabwalo otsekemera-monga ndege, basi, kapena malo ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi anthu odwala.
TB ndi matenda aakulu m'mayiko ambiri, makamaka omwe akukula. Amatchedwa "matenda a umphawi" chifukwa amapezeka m'madera omwe ali ndi mavuto a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amachititsa anthu kukhala ndi moyo wambiri, kusoŵa zakudya m'thupi, ndi zina zambiri. Ngakhale chifuwa chachikulu cha TB chikufala kwambiri ku United States, chimakhalabe vuto m'mazipatala, m'ndende, ndi m'mabumba osowa pokhala, komwe kuli anthu ambiri.
Anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zowonongeka kwambiri ali pachiopsezo cha TB. Izi zimaphatikizapo ana, okalamba, omwe ali ndi matenda opatsirana ndi chitetezo cha thupi (ngati HIV), omwe amatenga mankhwala osokoneza bongo (monga mankhwala opatsirana ndi thupi kapena pambuyo poika thupi), komanso anthu omwe akudwala khansa.
Kudziwa
Ngati mukuganiza kuti muli ndi TB yowonjezera, funsani wothandizira zaumoyo kuti akonzekere kuyesedwa kwa TB . Chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mayeso a Mantoux a khungu, omwe amachitidwa pobaya jekeseni wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a TB pambali pa khungu lanu. Ngati muli ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, kutupa kumabwera pa malo opangira jekeseni mkati mwa masiku awiri kapena atatu.
Nthawi zina kuyezetsa khungu kungaperekedwe posachedwa atayang'ana mabakiteriya (masabata asanu ndi atatu asanafike) kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chitengeke. Ngati mutayesa zowonjezereka, mumayesedwa kwambiri, kuphatikizapo chifuwa cha X-ray komanso chikhalidwe cha bakiteriya kapena kuunika kochepa kwambiri kwa khungu loponyedwa (phlegm).
Palinso mayesero amagazi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze TB, yotchedwa interferon gamma releaseay assays (IGRAs), ngakhale kuti sagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Chithandizo
Chifuwa cha TB chimachizidwa ndi maantibayotiki . Chithandizochi chimakhala ndi masabata asanu ndi limodzi kapena asanu ndi atatu a mankhwala anayi, otsatiridwa ndi mankhwala ena awiri, kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndi isanu ndi umodzi. Njira yeniyeni yomwe inu mumapatsidwa kwa inu imadalira pa vuto lanu ndi thanzi lathunthu.
Ndikofunika kwambiri kutsatira malangizo a dokotala anu pa chithandizo cha TB, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zizindikiro zatha. Ma antibiotic onsewa ndi oyenera kuti aphe mabakiteriya onse a TB. Kulephera kumaliza maphunziro onse kungapangitse chithandizo chopanda chithandizo, nthawi yaitali ya matenda, ndi TB yosagonjetsetsa TB, njira zosamaliramo mankhwala zomwe ziribe mphamvu ndipo zili ndi zotsatira zambiri kuposa mankhwala oyambirira.
Kuteteza Kutumiza
Ngati mutalandira kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a chifuwa chachikulu, mudzalangizidwa kuti musadzapite kuntchito kapena sukulu mpaka dokotala wanu atakuuzani kuti simulinso opatsirana (nthawi zambiri pafupi masabata awiri kapena atatu mutangoyamba kuchipatala, koma izi zingatenge masabata asanu ndi limodzi). Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, sungani kutali ndi anthu omwe mumakhala nawo nthawi zonse. Kumbukirani kuti mutaya chifuwa mu minofu ndikuisiya mu thumba losindikizidwa.
Nthawi zambiri, odwala omwe ali ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha TB amayesedwa ndikuchiritsidwa m'chipinda chapadera cha chipatala chomwe chimapangidwira anthu kuti asamacheze ndi ena. Atatulutsidwa kuchipatala, akuluakulu azaumoyo a boma adzakupatsani malangizo oti mubwerere kuntchito kapena kusukulu. Anthu omwe mwakumana nawo ayenera kuyesedwa kuti apeze matenda.
Mawu Ochokera
Pamene akupezeka kuti ali ndi chifuwa chachikulu chothetsa chifuwachi chingakhale chowopsya, zizindikiro zake ndi zabwino. Matenda ambiri a TB ndi ochiritsidwa komanso ochiritsidwa malinga ngati mukutsatira malangizo a dokotala wanu ndi kumwa mankhwala anu monga momwe akufunira.
> Zotsatira:
> Zomwe Zidzasokoneze Matenda. Kusiyana kwa Kuchepetsa Chifuwa cha TB. Chifuwa chachikulu (TB). https://www.cdc.gov/tb/?404 ;https://www.cdc.gov:443/tb/default
> Mayi CA, et al. Medical Microbiology. 1993. Buku la Mosby Year Europe Limited. London.
> Salyers AA ndi Whitt DD. Bacterial Pathogenesis: Njira Yapang'ono. 1994. American Society for Microbiology. Washington, DC
> Bungwe la Padziko Lonse la Umoyo. Chifuwa chachikulu. http://www.who.int/tb/en/