Cholera ndi matenda a bakiteriya omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amapezeka m'madzi. Anthu omwe akudwala kwambiri ndi kolera akhoza kutayika mwamsanga chifukwa cha kutsegula m'mimba ndi kusanza. Sikuti aliyense amene ali ndi kolera amakhala wodwala, koma omwe amachititsa kuti aphedwe ngati sachitidwa mwamsanga.
Cholera ndizosawerengeka kwambiri ku United States ndi m'mayiko ena otukuka kumene ukhondo wa anthu umakhazikitsidwa bwino ndipo ukhondo wabwino umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa chaka cha 2001 ndi 2011, pali matenda okwana 111 okha omwe analembedwa ku US, malinga ndi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Komabe, kuphulika kwa kolera kumatitabebe m'madera ena padziko lapansi kumene kusungidwa ndi ukhondo ndizonyansa. Ngati mukufuna kudzachezera dera limeneli, muyenera kumvetsetsa momwe matendawa amafalikira ndi kusamala kuti muteteze. Mwachitsanzo, pali katemera wa kolera kwa anthu akuluakulu. Koma zindikirani kuti anthu ambiri omwe amapita ku mayiko kumene kolera amakhalapo samapita kumadera kumene ziphuphu zimachitika.
Zizindikiro
Khalidwe lachilombo la kolera ndizoopsa kwambiri m'madzi otsegula m'mimba omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa "mpunga wa madzi" (chifukwa amafanana ndi madzi omwe asamba kusamba mpunga), kusanza, ndi mapazi a mwendo. Kutaya mwadzidzidzi kwa madzi-pafupifupi malita 20 patsiku-kungayambitse mwamsanga kutaya kwa madzi.
Zizindikiro za kutaya madzi m'thupi zimaphatikizapo khungu turgor (kutanthawuza chigawo cha khungu chomwe chimapindikizidwa chimachedwekera kubwerera ku malo abwino), maso otsekemera, kuthamanga kwa mtima, kuthamanga kwa magazi , ndi kutaya thupi. Kusokonezeka kumachitika pamene kutayika kwa madzi kumayambitsa kayendedwe ka magazi chifukwa palibe magazi ochuluka omwe amatha kudutsa.
Cholera sizimayambitsa malungo.
Chifukwa
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kamene timayambitsa kolera ndi mabakiteriya omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati Vibrio cholerae. Munthu amakhala ndi kachilombo ka bakiteriyawa mwakumwa madzi omwe ali ndi zowonongeka ndi munthu wina amene ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Mabakiteriya amatha kukhalanso kudzera pa zakudya zomwe zasambitsidwa kapena zakonzedwa ndi madzi owonongeka. Nthawi zina amafalitsidwa kudzera ku nsomba zakuda kapena zosazinga. Kutengeka kwa munthu ndi munthu sikungatheke.
V. Khunera imapangitsa kuti thupi liwonongeke pogwiritsa ntchito poizoni zomwe zimasokoneza kulamulira komanso kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa maselo a mucosal mkati mwa matumbo. Apanso, sizimayambitsa malungo; mabakiteriya amakhala m'matumbo.
Kudziwa
Chifukwa kutsekula m'mimba kotengedwa ndi kolera ndikooneka mosiyana kwambiri, kawirikawiri ndizokwanira kuti adziwe matendawa. Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti matendawa ndi osowa, kusanza kwa madzi mwamsanga, ulendo wamakono kupita kumalo kumene khunera ikuphulika, kapena chakudya chaposachedwapa cha shellfish. Pali mayesero a labotolo kuti apeze cholera, komabe, kuphatikizapo zikhalidwe zamagulu.
Chithandizo
Imfa ya kolera ndi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa madzi, kotero chofunikira kwambiri pakuchiza matendawa ndikutaya madzi otayika m'thupi.
Izi zimakhala zosavuta kuchita ndi njira zothandizira kutsegula m'mimba zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi ochulukirapo zimakhala ndi mchere ndi shuga. Izi zilipo malonda koma zingakhale zovuta kubwera m'mayiko osauka chifukwa cha mtengo. Maphikidwe a ORT yokhazikika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zida zogwiritsa ntchito pakhomo ndi zipangizo zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri. Kawirikawiri, anthu otsekula m'mimba amaikidwa pa "kolera" zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale loyenda molunjika mumtsuko. Mwanjira imeneyi osowa amatha kuona momwe madzi akuthetsera ambiri ndipo motero ayenera kusinthidwa.
Anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo chododometsa angafunike madzi otsekemera kuti azifulumizitsa mlingo umene matupi awo amabwereranso.
Odwala omwe akudwala kwambiri akhoza kupatsidwa mankhwala opha tizilombo kuti athetsere mabakiteriya a V. cholerae msanga mwamsanga, kotero kuti kufunikira kwa madzi ndi nthawi yomwe mabakiteriya akupezeka mu malo awo akhoza kuchepa. Mankhwala oletsa kuteteza thupi sali ovomerezeka pochiza kolera, chifukwa amaletsa kutuluka kwa mabakiteriya m'thupi.
Kupewa
Ngakhale kuti matenda ambiri a kolera sali oopsa, anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a kolera akupitirizabe kukhetsa mabakiteriya kuti abwerere ku chilengedwe, zomwe zingawathandize ena kukhala ndi matenda a kolera. Pachifukwachi, CDC imalimbikitsa kuti aliyense amene amakhala kapena akupita kumalo kumene kolera amapezeka amwe ayenera kumwa madzi owiritsa kapena klorini, kapena ayodini kapena zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Zakudya ziyenera kuphikidwa bwino, ndipo munthu aliyense ayenera kukolola zipatso zake. Ndiponso, ndibwino kuti muzisamala ndi ayezi, zakudya zakuda, ayisikilimu, ndi zakudya zilizonse ndi zakumwa kuchokera kwa ogulitsa pamsika. Kusamba m'manja mobwerezabwereza komanso kofunikira ndikofunika kuti tipewe kolera.
Pali katemera wambiri wa kolera, koma imodzi yokha, Vaxchora (yophimba CVS 103-HgR), imapezeka ku United States. Zimagwira ntchito poletsa kutsekula m'mimba komwe kumayambitsa mtundu wa kolera komanso wovomerezeka ndi CDC kwa akuluakulu oyendayenda kumadera omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka kolera. Komabe, onani kuti katemera wa kolera sungapereke chitetezo chathunthu, ndipo ngakhale ngati mwachiritsidwa ndifunikira kutsatira zotsatira zoyenera zoteteza chitetezo.
Mawu Ochokera
Anthu omwe akukhala m'mayiko otukuka sayenera kudandaula za kolera, koma m'madera ena padziko lapansi akhoza kukhala pangozi yeniyeni. Mayiko kumene kulikuphuka kolera kumaphatikizapo Haiti ndi Dominican Republic, komanso mbali zina za Africa ndi Asia. Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) linanena kuti pali milioni 1.3 miliyoni mpaka 4 miliyoni ya kolera chaka chilichonse ndipo pakati pa 21,000 ndi 143,000 anthu amafa ndi kolera.
Pofuna kuchotsa kolera konse padziko lonse, bungwe la Global Task Force Cholera Control, gulu la mayiko oposa 50, mabungwe omwe si a boma, ndi mabungwe a United Nations, pamodzi ndi WHO, akuyang'ana njira zitatu:
- Kutuluka kwa kolera kumene mwamsanga
- Kuganizira za kufala kwa kolera m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi matendawa
- Kupereka chithandizo ku mayiko ambiri omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kolera ndi anthu, luso, ndi ndalama
Popeza kuti kolera ingasokoneze bwanji pamene kuphulika kukuchitika, ntchitoyi ndi yofunika kwambiri komanso yofunika kwambiri popanga chilengedwe chonse.
> Zotsatira:
> Zolinga za Kuletsa ndi Kuteteza Matenda. Thanzi la Oyenda: Cholera. "March 6, 2018.
> Frerichs, RR, Keim, PS, Barrais, R, ndi Piarroux, R. "Nthenda ya Cholera ya Nepal ku Australia." Clin Microbiology ndi Infection . June 2012. Vol 18 Magazini 6, masamba E158-E163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03841.x
> Loharikar, A, et.al. "Cholera ku United States, 2001-2011: Kusinkhasinkha kwa Zitsanzo za Epidemiology ndi Travel." Epidemiol Infect . Mar 2015; 143 (4): 695-703. DOI: 10.1017 / S0950268814001186.
> Orata, Fabini D, Keim, Paul S, ndi Boucher, Yan. "Kuphulika kwa Cholera ku Haiti mu 2010: Mmene Sayansi Yathetsera Kusagwirizana." PLosPathog . Apr 2014; 10 (4): e1003967. DOI: 10.1371 / magazini.ppat.1003967
> Bungwe la Padziko Lonse la Umoyo. "Cholera." Feb 1, 2018.