Nkhumba ndi matenda opatsirana kwambiri omwe amachititsidwa ndi matenda a variola omwe anachotsedwa ndi katemera padziko lonse mu 1980, kutanthauza kuti sichikuchitikanso mwachibadwa. Kuphulika kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe ku United States kunali 1949. Komabe, nthomba ndi imodzi mwa matenda oopsa kwambiri kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, kupha atatu mwa anthu 10 aliwonse amene anagwidwa ndi matendawa ndi kusiya ena ambiri ndi zipsinjo zosatha kapena ngakhale akhungu.
Zizindikiro zoyambirira zikufanana ndi chimfine ndipo chiwombankhanga chimayamba mkati mwa masiku owerengeka, zomwe zimayambitsa mitsempha yambiri yomwe imadumpha ndi kugwa.
Mbiri
Chiyambi cha nthomba sichidziwika, koma akukhulupirira kuti chinachokera ku Igupto kapena ku India. Nkhumba inafika ku Ulaya pakati pa zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo ndipo inalipo m'mizinda yayikuru ya ku Ulaya cha m'ma 1800. Magulu a miliri achitika kumpoto kwa North America m'zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi 1800. Panthawi imodzi khungu la nkhumba linali matenda aakulu m'mayiko onse padziko lonse lapansi kupatula Australia ndi zilumba zochepa. Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri anafa padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka ku Ulaya ndi Mexico, chifukwa cha matenda a nthendayi.
Kusiyanasiyana
Kugwa kwa nthomba kunayamba ndi kuzindikira kuti opulumuka ku matendawa analibe chitetezo m'miyoyo yawo yonse. Izi zinapangitsa kuti mitunduyi ikhale yosiyana-njira yowonetsa munthu wathanzi kuti akhale ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda kuchokera kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka chiyembekezo kuti apange tizilombo tomwe timapanga kachilombo koyambitsa matenda.
Nkhani yoyamba yolembedwa ya kusinthasintha imatanthauzira nunami wa Chibuda omwe akuchita izo kuyambira 1022 mpaka 1063 AD. Ankapera nkhanambo zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi kachilombo ka ufa, kenaka amakawombera m'mphuno mwa munthu wosakhala ndi chitetezo. Pofika zaka za m'ma 1700, njira yosiyana siyana imeneyi inali yofala ku China, India, ndi Turkey.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1700, madokotala a ku Ulaya anagwiritsa ntchito njirayi ndi njira zina zosinthira. Anthu ena omwe anali osiyana anali atafa ndi nthomba, koma chizoloŵezichi chinachepetsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha nthenda ya nthomba.
Katemera
Chotsatira chotsatira cha kuthetseratu kabokosika kameneka chinachitika ndi zomwe adokotala wa Chingerezi, Edward Jenner adanena, kuti milkmaid yomwe inayamba kukhala ndi chithokomiro (matenda ochepa kwambiri) siinakhale ndi zizindikiro za nthomba pamene zidawoneka. Chifukwa cha zomwe adazipeza, mu 1796, Jenner adatenga madziwo kuchokera ku khola la pakhosi ndi patsiku la dairymaid ndipo inoculated mnyamata wazaka 9. Patangotha milungu isanu ndi umodzi, adamuululira mwanayo ndi nthomba, ndipo mnyamatayo sanakhale ndi zizindikiro. Jenner anapanga mawu akuti "katemera" kuchokera ku mawu akuti "vaca," omwe amatanthauza "ng'ombe" mu Chilatini. Ntchito yake poyamba inatsutsidwa koma posakhalitsa inavomerezedwa ndi kuvomerezedwa. Pofika m'chaka cha 1800, anthu pafupifupi 100,000 adapezeka katemera padziko lonse lapansi.
Katemera wamakono umene unaloledwa ndi Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unatengedwa kuchokera ku matenda ochepa omwe amatchedwa "New York City Board of Health". Linapangidwa ndi Wyeth Laboratories ndipo limaloledwa pansi pa dzina lakuti Dryvax. Kuphulika kotsiriza kwa nthomba ku United States kunachitika ku Texas mu 1949 ndi milandu 8 ndi imfa 1.
Ngakhale kuti ambiri a kumpoto kwa America, Western Europe, Australia, ndi New Zealand analibe kachilombo pakadali pano, mayiko ena monga Africa ndi India anapitirizabe kudwala matenda a mliri.
Kuthetsedwa
Mu 1967, World Health Organization (WHO) inayambitsa ntchito yapadziko lonse kuthetsa nthomba. Cholinga chimenechi chinakwaniritsidwa zaka 10 chifukwa chofunika kwambiri pakuchita khama lalikulu la katemera. Mlandu womaliza wa nthomba unachitikira ku Somalia mu 1977. Pa May 8, 1980, World Health Assembly inalengeza kuti dziko lonse lilibe thumba la nthomba-zowona.
United States inasiya katemera wamba mu 1972 koma inapitiriza katemera asilikali.
Zinali zovomerezeka kuti katemera wa asilikali apitirire mu 1986 ndipo katemera anaimitsidwa mwachisawawa pomenyera usilikali mu 1990.
Zizindikiro
Mukayamba kuwona kachilombo ka nthomba, muli mu zomwe zimatchedwa nthawi yosakaniza. Simulandira mankhwala ndipo simudzakhalanso ndi zizindikiro kwa masiku 7 mpaka 19. Zizindikiro za nthomba zimayamba ndi malungo, mutu, kutopa, ndi thupi, ndipo nthawi zina kusanza, zonsezi zimatha masiku awiri mpaka anayi. Mukhoza kutenga kachilomboka panthawiyi.
Patangopita masiku ochepa, mutha kukhala ndi ntchentche yomwe imayambira mkamwa mwako ndi kufalikira, kutembenukira kumatope omwe amadzaza ndi mapulaneti omwe amadzaza patatha masabata atatu, kusiya chiwombankhanga. Mutha kukhalanso ndi zotupa m'mphuno ndi pakamwa. Muli otheka kwambiri mutangoyamba kumene, ndipo mumakhalabe wathanzi mpaka nkhanambo yatha.
Zimayambitsa
Nkhumba ndi matenda omwe amayambitsa matenda a variola. Zitha kugwirizanitsidwa ndi munthu wina, kupyolera mumlengalenga mu nyumba yosungidwa (kawirikawiri), kapena kuchokera ku zinthu zoipitsidwa, monga mabulangete ndi zovala. Palibe umboni wakuti nkhumba imafalikira ndi nyama kapena tizilombo.
Kudziwa
Chifukwa chakuti nthomba yatha nthawi yaitali, madokotala ambiri sakanatha kunena kuti ndi nthomba nthawi yomweyo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zikhoza kufalikira mwamsanga musanadziwe. Zomwe Zimayambitsa Matenda ndi Kupewa Matenda (CDC) ziyenera kuyesa minofu ya munthu amene ali ndi kachilomboyo kuti atsimikizire kuti nkhumba. Chinthu chimodzi chotsimikiziridwa chimodzi, kulikonse padziko lapansi, chikhoza kupanga vuto lachidziwitso padziko lonse.
Chithandizo
Palibe mankhwala pa seti ya nthomba. Katemera wa nthomba amalepheretsa anthu kuti asatenge kachilombo ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chifukwatu chidzachitika. Ngati mutalandira katemera wa nthomba mkati mwa masiku atatu mutakhala ndi kachilomboka, katemerayu angakulepheretseni kutenga nthomba. Ngati mudakali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, zingakhale zochepa kwambiri. Ngati mutalandira katemera mkati mwa masiku anayi kapena asanu mutatha kuwonekera, zidzakupatsani chitetezo komanso kachiwiri, zikhoza kuyambitsa matendawa. Katemera akadzayamba, katemera sungathandizidwe.
Mankhwala otsekula amatha kukhala ndi malo pochizira nthomba, koma izi sizikudziwika bwino tsopano. Chithandizo chachikulu chimakhala chosungira, kuonetsetsa kuti mukhale ndi hydrated, ndikuchiza zizindikiro kapena mavuto omwe angabweretse, monga kukupatsani mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mawu Ochokera
Mbiri ya kuphuka ndi kugwa kwa nthomba ndi mbiri yabwino kwa mankhwala amasiku ano ndi thanzi labwino. Ngakhale kuti pafupifupi mitundu yonse yomwe imadziwika kuti magulu a variola anawonongedwa kamodzi kabokosi kamene kanalengezedwanso, kachilombo ka variola kamasungidwa m'malo awiri kuti afufuze-mmodzi pa CDC ku Atlanta, Georgia, ndi wina ku Russia State Center for Research on Virology ndi Biotechnology ku Russian Federation. Malinga ndi CDC, n'zotheka koma zokayikitsa kuti magulu a variola angagwiritsidwe ntchito potsutsana ndi bioterrorist, motero pali ndondomeko yomwe imakhalapo pakakhala vuto la nthomba. Mwachitsanzo, pali katemera wokwanira wa katemera wa nthomba omwe amapezeka kuti katemera munthu aliyense ku United States ayenera kukhala ndi chiphuphu kapena chifuwa cha nthomba.
> Zotsatira:
> Zomwe Zingathetsere Kudwala ndi Kuteteza Matenda (CDC). Nthomba. Idasinthidwa pa July 12, 2017.
> Zomwe Zingathetsere Kudwala ndi Kuteteza Matenda (CDC). Nkhumba: Kuteteza ndi Kuchiza. Idasinthidwa pa June 7, 2016.
> Chipatala cha Mayo Clinic. Nthomba. Chipatala cha Mayo. Idasinthidwa pa July 26, 2017.
> World Health Organization (WHO). Mafunso Ofunsidwa kawirikawiri ndi Mayankho pa Bululokosi. Idasinthidwa pa June 28, 2016.