Momwe Lupus Amadziwira

Kuzindikira lupus kungakhale ntchito yovuta. Zizindikiro zimatha kutsata njira zonyenga, kaya zikhale zofewa kapena zowopsya, komanso zimakhala zovuta zina. Pogwiritsa ntchito mbiri yanu yachipatala, madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito mayesero apakompyuta ndi apadera, ndipo mwina ngakhale kumayesero ngati MRI kapena ultrasound, kuti afike pamapeto.

Izi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pofuna kuthetsa lupus kuti asonyeze matendawa.

Madokotala amayang'ananso zizindikiro m'thupi mwathu, monga impso ndi khungu, monga lupus ndi matenda. Mwamwayi, anthu ena amatha kuvutika kwa miyezi kapena zaka isanafike kuti matendawa apangidwe.

Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zingayambitse matenda a lupus. Mmodzi mwa iwo ndikuti lupus si matenda amodzi koma ali ndi mitundu yosiyana, aliyense ali ndi zifukwa zake komanso makhalidwe ake. Mavuto ambiri omwe odwala akukumana nawo ndi awa:

• Palibe malamulo omwe amavomerezedwa kwambiri
• Lupus ndi chikhalidwe chobwezeretsanso , kutanthauza kuti zizindikiro zikhoza kubwera ndi kupita. Mpaka kachitidwe kakudziwika, matendawa amatha kupezeka.
• Palibe mayeso amodzi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito paokha kuti apange matenda.
• Lupus ndi chikhalidwe cha "chipale chofewa", kutanthauza kuti ngakhale anthu awiri ali ndi subtype yomweyo, zizindikiro zawo zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri.

• Lupus ndi chikhalidwe chosazolowereka ndipo, motero, madokotala osamalidwa kawirikawiri amatha kunyalanyaza kapena kusowa zizindikiro.

Mapulogalamu ndi Mayesero

Izi ndi zina mwa mayesero opatsirana, ambiri omwe amayesa kuyesa, omwe opaleshoni amagwiritsa ntchito limodzi ndi mayesero ena kuti athandizidwe pamodzi.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Kuyezetsa magazi kwathunthu (CBC) kuyesa kuli ndi ntchito zambiri, ndipo zingathandize kudziwa matenda osiyanasiyana. Dokotala wanu akhoza kuyamba ndi mayeso awa.

M'mafotokozedwe ake osavuta, CBC imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza kuchuluka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi, chiwerengero cha hemoglobini m'magazi, hematocrit (kuchuluka kwa magazi opangidwa ndi maselo ofiira a magazi), ndipo amatanthauzira mphamvu ya magazi. maselo). CBC ikhoza kuwerenganso mitundu yambiri ya maselo a magazi monga neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, ndi mapulatelets.

CBC ili ndi mayesero osiyanasiyana a magazi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chowunika. Mayesero omwe amapanga CBC ndi awa:

• Maselo oyera a magazi (WBC): Maselo oyera amathandiza thupi lanu kumenyana ndi matenda ndipo angasonyeze ngati muli ndi kachilombo. Mayesowa amayeza chiwerengero cha maselo oyera m'magazi anu. Maselo oyera ambiri kapena ochepa kwambiri angakhale chizindikiro cha matenda.
• Kusiyana kwa maselo oyera: Izi zimayimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo oyera a magazi.
• Kuchuluka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi (RBC) : Izi zimayesa chiwerengero cha maselo ofiira a magazi. Maselo ofiira a m'magazi ali ndi hemoglobin ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati othandizira oksijeni. Mofanana ndi maselo oyera a magazi, zonsezi zimakula ndi kuchepa mu chiwerengero zingakhale zofunikira.

• Kugawa kwa selo lofiira: Izi zimayendera kusiyana kwa kukula kwa maselo ofiira.
• Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin ndi mapuloteni omwe ali ndi maselo ofiira a magazi omwe amanyamula mpweya. Izi zimayesa kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni omwe amanyamula okosijeni ali m'magazi.
• Kutanthauza hemoglobin corpuscular : Izi zikufotokozera kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin mu selo lofiira m'magazi.
• Kutanthauza kuti magazi a hemoglobin akuyendera: Izi zimayeza hemoglobini m'magazi ofiira a magazi.
• Hematocrit: Izi zikuyesa kuchuluka kwa magazi omwe ali ndi maselo ofiira a magazi (mosiyana ndi plasma, gawo la magazi).
• Chiwerengero cha mbale: Ichi ndicho chiwerengero cha mapiritsi m'magazi. Magalasi ndi mtundu wa maselo a magazi omwe amaletsa magazi mwa kupanga mapepala.

• Kutanthauza mapepala a mapuloteni: Izi zimayendera kukula kwa mapaleletti ndipo zingapereke zambiri za kupanga mapepala m'thupa lanu.

Zotsatira zochokera ku CBC zingathandize kupeza mavuto monga kuchepa kwa madzi kapena kutayika kwa magazi, zosawonongeka mu maselo a maselo ndi moyo, komanso matenda aakulu, matenda, matenda, ndi mavuto omwe amabweretsa magazi. Zotsatira zina zingasonyeze mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuchepa kwa magazi.

Ngati dokotala akudandaula kuti muli ndi lupus, iye adzakumbukira zowerengera zanu za RBC ndi WBC. Ziwerengero zochepa za RBC zimapezeka kawirikawiri m'matenda omwe amadziwika ngati lupus. Komabe, ziwerengero zochepa za RBC zingasonyezenso kutaya magazi, kulephera kwa mafupa, matenda a impso, hemolysis (RBC destruction), khansa ya m'magazi, kusoŵa zakudya m'thupi, ndi zina zambiri. Nkhumba ya WBC yochepa ikhoza kuwonetsa lupus komanso kuperewera kwa mafupa ndi chiwindi ndi matenda a spleen.

Ngati CBC yanu ibwera ndi ma CRBC ambiri kapena hematocrit, ikhonza kusonyeza zinthu zina monga matenda a m'mapapo, khansa ya magazi, kutaya madzi m'thupi, matenda a impso, matenda a mtima, komanso mavuto ena amtima. Mkulu WBC, wotchedwa leukocytosis, angasonyeze matenda opatsirana, matenda opweteka, khansa ya m'magazi, nkhawa, ndi zina.

Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi ingakuthandizeni kusankha ntchito yanu ya labata, nthawi zonse kambiranani ndi dokotala ngati mutalandira zotsatira zowononga magazi. Kuyezetsa magazi ndi mbali imodzi yokha yopanga matenda a lupus.

Ndondomeko Yoperekera Erythrocyte

Mayeso a erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) ndi kuyesa kwa magazi komwe kumayesa kutupa thupi lanu ndipo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kudziwa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kutupa koopsa komanso kosaphatikizapo, kuphatikizapo lupus. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mogwirizana ndi mayesero ena, pamene mayesero enieniwo ndi osayenera. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zimatha kuzindikira kuwonjezeka kwa kutupa, koma sikungosonyeze kuti kutupa ndikutanthauza matenda enaake. Zinthu zina zingakhudze zotsatira za mayesero. Chiyeso ndi chimodzi chimene chimaperekedwa kangapo pa nthawi inayake kuyeza kusintha kwa kutupa.

Kusintha kwa ESR kwa nthawi kungathandize kutsogolera katswiri wa zaumoyo kuti athe kupeza matenda. Kupititsa patsogolo ESR kumachitika ndi kutupa, komanso ndi kuchepa kwa magazi, matenda, mimba, ndi ukalamba. Nthawi zambiri ESR imakhala ndi chifukwa chodziwika bwino, monga kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa globulins zomwe zingakhale chifukwa cha matenda aakulu. Kukula kwa ESR kungatanthauze kuwonjezeka kwa kutupa kapena kupweteka kwa mankhwala. Kuchuluka kwa ESR kungatanthawuze kuyankha kwabwino, komabe kumbukirani kuti otsika ESR akhoza kuwonetsa matenda monga polycythemia , leukocytosis kwambiri, ndi mapuloteni osowa.

Kulimbana

Kuyezetsa koyeso ukugwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zinthu kapena zinthu zam'manja mu mkodzo wokhudzana ndi matenda a chimbudzi ndi impso. Ndiyeso lachizoloŵezi, ndipo madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito izo kuti azindikire zosavuta zomwe zimawoneka pamaso pa odwala akuganiza kuti ndi vuto. Kwa omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu kapena lachilendo, kukonzanso nthawi zonse kumathandiza kuthandizira thupi, udindo, ndi mayankho. Chiwerengero chapamwamba cha maselo ofiira a m'magazi kapena mapuloteni apamwamba m'kodzo anu angasonyeze kuti lupus yakhudza impso zanu.

Zotsatira Zomaliza

Njira yothandizirayi ndi dzina la gulu la mapuloteni a magazi omwe amathandiza kulimbana ndi matenda. Gwiritsani ntchito mgwirizano, monga dzina limatanthawuzira, yerekezerani kuchuluka kwake ndi / kapena ntchito ya mapuloteni. Kugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha m'thupi, mapuloteni amathandizanso pa kutukuka kwa kutupa. Mu njira zina za lupus, kumathandiza mapuloteni amawonongedwa (ogwiritsidwa ntchito) ndi yankho lokhazikika. Kuperewera kwa kumangiriza mndandanda kumatha kunena za lupus nephritis, lupus nephritis , kutupa kwa impso. Kukhazikitsa chiyanjano chophatikizira magulu kungasonyeze kuyanjidwa kwabwino kwa mankhwala.

Mayeso a Antiinuclear Antibody (ANA)

Mayeso a antitinuclear (ANA) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire antantiantibodies omwe amatsutsana ndi zigawo za thupi la maselo a thupi. Pakali pano ndi imodzi mwa mayesero ovuta kwambiri opatsirana omwe amapezeka kuti apeze lupus (SLE). Ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu 97 peresenti kapena ochuluka omwe ali ndi lupus (SLE) ali ndi zotsatira zabwino za ANA. A negative ANA test result amatanthauza lupus (SLE) n'zosatheka.

Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a lupus amakhala otetezeka kwa ANA, matenda monga matenda ndi matenda ena omwe amatha kudzipha akhoza kupereka zotsatira zabwino. Pa chifukwa ichi, dokotala wanu akhoza kuitanitsa mayeso ena a magazi kuti azindikire bwinobwino lupus.

Mankhwala a antitinuclear (ANA) sakuyesa kokha momwe angayankhire ma auto-antibodies komanso momwe amamangiririra maselo aumunthu. Makhalidwe enaake ndi machitidwe amasonyeza kwambiri lupus, pamene ena sali ochepa.

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mayeso abwino a ANA amatha kudziwonetsa chimodzi mwa matenda ena ambiri, kuphatikizapo lupus. Ena mwa matendawa ndi awa:

• Matenda ena othandizira, monga scleroderma ndi nyamakazi ya nyamakazi
• Zotsatira za mankhwala ena
• Matenda opatsirana, monga matenda opatsirana a mononucleosis
• Matenda opatsirana achilendo, monga matenda a chiwindi ndi malungo
• Matenda ena omwe amadzimadzimitsa, kuphatikizapo thyroiditis ndi multiple sclerosis

Zonsezi, mayeso a ANA ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati dokotala akuganiza kuti lupus. Ngati zotsatira zake zowonongeka ndizolakwika, ndiye kuti lupus ndizovuta. Ngati zotsatira zowonjezera ndi zabwino, nthawi zambiri mayesero ena amafunika kuthandizira kuti adziwe.

Zowonjezerapo Zoyeza za Antibody

Zowonjezera zowonjezera ma antigenium zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandiza kuthandizira matenda a lupus.

Mankhwalawa amayesa kukhalapo kwa ma antibodies awa:

• DNA yotsutsana ndi ziwiri , mtundu wa anti-antibody umene umapezeka pa 70 peresenti ya milandu ya lupus; malingaliro apamwamba a SLE
• Anti-Smith antibodies , amapezeka mu 30 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi SLE; malingaliro apamwamba a SLE
• Anti-phospholipids ma antibodies , anapeza 30 peresenti ya milandu ya lupus komanso amapezeka mu syphilis (kufotokozera chifukwa chake anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi lupus amakhala ndi zotsatira zonyenga)
• Ma antibo / anti-Ro-SS-A ndi anti-La / SS-B , omwe amapezeka m'magulu osiyanasiyana aumoyo, kuphatikizapo matenda a SLE ndi Sjogren
• Anti-histone antibodies, kuwonedwa mu SLE ndi mitundu ya lupus yomwe imayambitsa mankhwala
• Anti-ribonucleic antibodies, owonedwa ndi odwala omwe ali ndi SLE ndi zochitika zina zowonongeka

Kuphatikiza kwa ANA yabwino komanso DNA yotsutsana ndi iwiri kapena anti-Smith zimayesedwa kuti ndi zothandiza kwambiri pa SLE. Komabe, sikuti anthu onse omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi SLE ali ndi maantiantibodies awa.

Zosakaniza zamatenda

Nthaŵi zina, dokotala wanu angafunike kupanga ziwalo za ziwalo zilizonse zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikukhudzidwa ndi zizindikiro zanu. Kawirikawiri izi ndi khungu lanu kapena impso koma zingakhale ziwalo zina. Minofu imatha kuyesedwa kuti muone kuchuluka kwa kutupa komwe kulipo ndi kuwonongeka kwa thupi lanu. Mayesero ena angasonyeze ngati muli ndi ma antibodies okhaokha komanso ngati ali ndi lupus kapena china.

Kujambula

Dokotala wanu angayesenso kuchita zojambula zina, makamaka ngati muli ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimasonyeza mtima wanu, ubongo, kapena mapapo angakhudzidwe kapena ngati muli ndi zotsatira zosavuta zabu.

X-ray

Mutha kukhala ndi x-ray ya chifuwa chanu kuti muwone zizindikiro zomwe mtima wanu wafutukuka kapena mapapu anu atha ndipo / kapena amakhala ndi madzi.

Echocardiogram

Kapepala kakang'ono kamene kakhoza kusonyeza mavuto ndi magetsi anu ndi / kapena mtima wanu. Zimagwiritsa ntchito mafunde omveka kupanga zithunzi za mtima wanu pamene zikugunda.

Masamba a Computed Tomography (CT)

Mayesowa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati muli ndi ululu m'mimba kuti muwone mavuto monga chifuwa chachikulu kapena matenda a mapapo.

Maginito Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Ngati muli ndi zizindikiro monga kukumbukira kapena mavuto kumbali imodzi ya thupi lanu, dokotala wanu akhoza kuchita MRI kuti ayang'ane ubongo wanu.

Ultrasound

Dokotala wanu angafune kuti azipanga mapulogalamu owonjezera ngati muli ndi ululu wambiri. Ngati muli ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimagwirizana ndi impso zanu, mukhoza kukhala ndi gawo la m'mimba mwanu kuti muwone kukulitsa kwa impso.

Kusanthula Kusiyanasiyana

Lupus ndi matenda owopsa kwambiri kuti adziwe chifukwa zizindikiro zake ndi zotsatira zake zowonetsera zikhoza kusonyeza matenda ena ambiri. Pali matenda ochulukirapo omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zowonjezereka ndi lupus kuposa zomwe zingatchulidwe pano, koma zina mwazofala ndizo:

• Matenda a nyamakazi (RA): Matenda a Lupus ndi RA ali ndi zizindikiro zambiri , koma matenda ophatikizana mu RA amakhala ovuta kwambiri. Ndiponso, kupezeka kwa anti-antilake wotchedwa Peptide anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide imapezeka mwa anthu okhala ndi RA koma osati SULA.
• Matenda a sclerosis (SSc): Zizindikiro zofanana pakati pa SSc ndi lupus ndi reflux ndi matenda a Raynaud (pamene zala zanu zimasanduka buluu kapena zoyera). Kusiyanitsa kosiyana pakati pa SSc ndi lupus ndikuti DNA DNA (anti-double-stranded DNA) (anti-Smith) (anti-Smith) (anti-Smith), yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi lupus, sizimapezeka mu SSC. Wotsutsa wina ndi wakuti anthu omwe ali ndi SSC nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi antibodies kwa antigen yotchedwa Scl-70 (topoisomerase I) kapena antibodies kwa centromere mapuloteni.
• Sjögren's syndrome: Momwemonso ziwalo zomwe zingakhale ndi lupus, monga khungu, mtima, mapapo, ndi impso, zingathe kuwonetsanso mu Sjogren's syndrome . Komabe, pali zizindikiro zina zomwe zimakhala chimodzimodzi, ndipo anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Sjogren amakhala ndi ma antibodies kwa Ro ndi La antigen.
• Vutoli: Kugawanika kwa zizindikiro zonse za lupus ndi vasculitis kumaphatikizapo matenda a khungu, mavuto a impso, ndi kutupa kwa mitsempha ya magazi. Kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa shuga ndi lupus ndikuti anthu omwe ali ndi mavalasi amakonda kukhala ANA-zoipa; Amakhalanso ndi ma antibodies kwa anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens (ANCA).
• Matenda a Behçet: Zizindikiro zowonongeka zimaphatikizapo zilonda za m'mimba, nyamakazi, matenda opweteka maso, matenda a mtima, ndi matenda a ubongo. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Behçet amakhala amphongo komanso ANA-zoipa, koma zosiyana ndizo zomwe zili ndi lupus.
• Dermatomyositis (DM) ndi polymyositis (PM): Ngakhale kuti pafupifupi anthu onse okhala ndi lupus ali ndi mayeso abwino a ANA, ndi anthu pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi DM ndi PM . Zizindikiro zambiri zakuthupi ndizosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, anthu omwe ali ndi DM ndi PM samakhala ndi zilonda zam'kamwa, kutupa kwa impso, nyamakazi, ndi zolakwika zomwe anthu omwe ali ndi lupus amachita.
• Matenda a akuluakulu (ASD): Lupus ndi ASD akhoza kugawana zizindikiro zofanana, monga malungo, kutupa kwa mitsempha, kutupa nyamakazi, ndi malungo. Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi ASD kawirikawiri amakhala ndi mayeso ovuta a ANA ndipo amawerengera kwambiri maselo oyera a magazi, pamene awo omwe ali ndi lupus amakhala ndi mayeso abwino a ANA ndipo amawerengera maselo oyera.
• Matenda a Kikuchi: Matendawa nthawi zambiri amatha kukhululukidwa paokha pakadutsa miyezi inayi ndipo amapezeka kuti ali ndi nthendayi. Zina mwa zizindikiro zomwe zimagwirizana ndi lupus zimaphatikizapo kutupa maselo a mitsempha, kupweteka kwa minofu, kupweteka pamtima, malungo, ndipo nthawi zambiri, nthenda yothamanga ndi chiwindi.
• Matenda a seramu : Zizindikiro zobwerezabwereza pakati pa matenda a serum, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi lupus angaphatikizepo kutupa kwa maselo a mitsempha yotupa, zilonda za khungu, malungo, ndi ululu. Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a seramu amatha kukhala a ANA-zoipa ndipo zizindikiro zawo zimachoka pokhapokha atapanda kutero, makamaka masiku asanu kapena asanu.
• Fibromyalgia: Iyi ingakhale yochepa kwambiri kuti ikhale yosiyana chifukwa anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi lupus ali ndi fibromyalgia , zizindikiro zomwe zimaphatikizapo kutopa komanso kugwirizana ndi kupweteka kwa minofu. Komabe, photosensitivity, nyamakazi, ndi kugwirana kwa thupi kumene kumachitika ndi lupus sikupezeka mu fibromyalgia.
• Matendawa: Epstein-Barr, HIV, hepatitis B , hepatitis C , cytomegalovirus , salmonella , ndi chifuwa chachikulu . Epstein-Barr akhoza kukhala wovuta kwambiri kusiyanitsa ndi lupus chifukwa amathandizanso kuti ayesedwe bwino. Apa ndi pamene mayesero enieni a auto-antibody angakhale othandiza.

Madokotala ali ndi ntchito yotanthauzira zotsatira zoyesera, kenako amawagwirizanitsa ndi zizindikiro zanu ndi zotsatira zina zoyesa. Zimakhala zovuta pamene odwala amasonyeza zizindikiro zosadziwika ndi kuyesa zotsatira zoyesedwa, koma madokotala aluso angathe kulingalira zonsezi ndikuzindikira ngati muli ndi lupus kapena chinthu china. Izi zingatenge nthawi pamodzi ndi mayesero ndi zolakwika.

Zotsatira Zoganizira

Mwamwayi, palibe njira yovomerezeka yovomerezeka ya SLE. Komabe, madokotala ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 11 ofanana. Zotsatirazi zidakonzedwa kuti zizindikire maphunziro a kafukufuku, kotero iwo ali ovuta kwambiri. Ngati panopa muli ndizinayi zina kapena zingapo kapena ngati mwakhala nazo kale, mwayi ndi waukulu kwambiri kuti mwataya. Komabe, kukhala ndi osachepera anayi sikutuluka. Apanso, kuyezetsa kwina kungakhale kotheka kuti mudziwe kuti munthu ali ndi matenda otani. Izi ndizo:

1. Kuthamanga kwa Malar: Mwayamba kuthamanga kapena mwakuya pamphuno ndi masaya anu, otchedwa butterfly.
2. Photosensitivity : Mwinanso mumatha kuthamanga dzuwa kapena kuwala kwina kwa UV, kapena kukupwetekani kwambiri.
3. Kuthamanga kwadzidzidzi: Muli ndi mphutsi yomwe ili ndi patchy ndipo inakulira ndipo ingayambitse zilonda zotupa.
4. Zilonda zam'mimba: Muli ndi zilonda m'kamwa mwako zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopweteka.
5. Matenda a nyamakazi: Wakhala ndi ululu ndi kutupa mu ziwalo ziwiri kapena zambiri zomwe siziwononga mafupa oyandikana nawo.
6. Serositis: Mwapwetekedwa kwambiri pamtima pamene mutenga mpweya waukulu ndipo amayamba chifukwa cha kutupa kwa mapaipi anu m'mapapo anu kapena kupota pamtima mwanu.
7. Matenda a impso: Muli ndi mapuloteni opitirira kapena maselo (maselo a maselo omwe ayenera kudutsa) mu mkodzo wanu.
8. Matenda a ubongo: Inu mwakumana ndi psychosis kapena kugwidwa.
9. Matenda a magazi: Mwapezeka kuti muli ndi vuto la kuchepa magazi, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, kapena lymphopenia.
10. Matenda a Immunologic: Muli ndi anti-double-stranded-DNA, anti-Smith, kapena antiphospholipid antibodies.
11. ANA yosalongosoka: Mayeso anu a antitinuclear (ANA) anali osowa.

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti si anthu onse omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi lupus kukwaniritsa zinayi kapena izi. Ena amakumana awiri kapena atatu okha koma ali ndi zina zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi lupus. Ichi ndi chikumbutso china cha momwe matendawa angakhalire ovuta ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingasonyeze mosiyana mwa aliyense.

> Zotsatira:

> Lam NC, Ghetu MV, Bieniek ML. Lupus Erythematosus yeniyeni: Njira Yoyambilira Kusamalira Katundu ndi Kusamalira. American Family Physician. 2016; 94 (4): 284-94.

> Lupus Foundation ya America. Mayesero a Lab a Lupus. Idasinthidwa pa July 8, 2013.

> Lupus Foundation ya America. Zimene Madokotala Amafuna Kuti Atsimikizire Kuzindikira Matenda. Idasinthidwa pa July 25, 2013.

> Chipatala cha Mayo Clinic. Lupus. Chipatala cha Mayo. Idasinthidwa pa October 25, 2017.

> Wallace DJ. Kuzindikira ndi Kusiyanitsa Kuzindikira kwa Lupus Erythematosus Yeniyeni mwa Akuluakulu. Zaposachedwa. Kusinthidwa pa September 20, 2017.