Matenda a Chithokomiro

Zachidule za Matenda a Chithokomiro

Matenda a chithokomiro ndi amodzi, koma osamvetsetsedwa ndi kunyalanyazidwa, mikhalidwe ku America. Zikuoneka kuti ku United States, pafupifupi 27 miliyoni-ndipo anthu pafupifupi 60 miliyoni ali ndi matenda a chithokomiro.

Akazi amapanga odwala ambiri a chithokomiro. Ndipo mwatsoka, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la chithokomiro koma asanapezedwe amakhala ndi odwala ambiri a chithokomiro.

Tiyeni tifufuze mfundo zazikulu zokhudza zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za matenda a chithokomiro.

Kodi Chithokomiro N'chiyani?

Chithokomiro chanu ndi kakang'ono kakang'ono kamene kalikonse kamene kamakhala ngati gulugufe kamene kali pamphuno panu pansi ndi kumbuyo kwa apulo wanu wa Adam. Chithokomiro chopatsa thanzi chimalemera pafupifupi ounce imodzi. Ntchito ya chithokomiro ndiyo kutulutsa hormone ya chithokomiro imene ili yofunikira pa ntchito zonse za thupi lanu.

Thanzi lanu la chithokomiro ndilo chiwalo chachikulu m'thupi chomwe chimatha kuyamwa iodini. Chithokomiro chimatenga ayodini kuchokera ku zakudya zanu ndikuchiyambitsa mahomoni a chithokomiro.

• Zinthu Zokhudzana ndi Matenda a Chithokomiro

• Mmene Matenda a Chithokomiro Amasiyana Kwa Amuna

Amagwiritsa ntchito amino acid tyrosine ndi ayodini kuti apange mahomoni a chithokomiro.

Mahomoni awiri ofunika omwe amapezeka ndi chithokomiro ndi thyroxine-amadziwika kuti T4-ndi triiodothyronine-amadziwika ngati T3. Cholinga chachikulu cha mahomoni ndicho kuyang'anira momwe maselo anu, ziwalo, matenda, ndi glands zimagwiritsira ntchito mpweya ndi mphamvu.

Chilichonse mu thupi lanu chimadalira mahomoni a chithokomiro-kuphatikizapo chimbudzi, kukula kwa tsitsi lanu ndi misomali, kugonana kwanu, ndi ntchito za ziwalo zanu ndi glands. Ubongo wanu, mtima, ndi kagayidwe kamene kamadalira makamaka makala abwino a hormone ya chithokomiro kuti igwire bwino komanso bwino.

Chithokomiro chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana ndondomeko yanu ndi vuto lanu la pituitary.

Mankhwalawa amadziŵa kuti maselo a chithokomiro amatha kuyenda m'magazi ndi kutulutsa-kapena kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa-hormone yotchedwa Throxim Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Pamene TSH yamasulidwa, ntchito yake ndikutulutsa chithokomiro kuti likhale ndi mahomoni ambiri. Pamene magulu a TSH amatsika, uthenga ku chithokomiro ndiko kuchepetsa kupanga mankhwala otchedwa thyroid.

Kodi Matenda a Chithokomiro N'chiyani?

Pali matenda angapo-osati chifukwa cha hyper kapena hypothyrodism-zomwe zingakhudze chithokomiro chanu. Matenda a chithokomiro amapezeka chifukwa cha matenda a chithokomiro. Matenda osiyanasiyana omwe amakhudza chithokomiro ndi awa:

Matenda a Hashimoto

Izi ndi matenda omwe amachititsa kuti thupi lanu lisatengeke. Chida? Matenda a chithokomiro omwe thupi lanu limapanga, kuphatikizapo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a peroxidase (TPO) ndi tizilombo ta thyroglobulin (TgAb).

Matenda a Hashimoto amachititsa kuti kutupa ndikuwonongeke kanthawi kochepa kwa nthawi yanu.

Pomalizira pake, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi Hashimoto amatha ndi hypothyroidism, chifukwa cha mahomoni osakwanira.

Komabe, Hashimoto amatha kupangira nthawi kapena magawo okhudzidwa, otchedwa hyperthyroidism. Amakhalanso ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha mitsempha ya chithokomiro, goiter (chithokomiro chofutukuka), ndi kowonjezereka kowopsa kwa khansa ya chithokomiro.

Matenda a Manda

Matendawa ndi matenda okhaokha omwe chitetezo chanu cha mthupi sichimabala mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (TSI). Mankhwalawa amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Nthaŵi zina, ma antibodies a TPO ndi TgAb angakhalenso okwezeka. Kutentha kwambiri kwa chithokomiro kumayambitsa mahomoni ambiri a chithokomiro (hyperthyroidism) kapena thyrotoxicosis. Matenda a manda amapezeka ndi goiter ndipo nthawi zina chithokomiro chimagwedeza.

Kansa ya Chithokomiro

Izi zikutanthauza khansara yomwe imawoneka mu chithokomiro. Khansara ya chithokomiro imapezeka nthawi zambiri m'magazi a mitsempha (zotupa zamadzimadzi kapena zolimba) mu chithokomiro cha chithokomiro.

Pali mitundu inayi ya khansa ya chithokomiro:

1. Khansara ya chithokomiro yogwiritsa ntchito mapepala kapena mapiritsi opangidwa ndi mapiritsi omwe amachititsa pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya khansa yonse ya khansa.
2. Zosakaniza kapena kupweteka kansara ya chithokomiro yomwe imapanga pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya milandu.
3. Matenda a chithokomiro a Medullary omwe amapanga pafupifupi atatu peresenti ya khansa ya chithokomiro.
4. Kutsekula khansa ya kanseri yomwe imapanga pafupifupi awiri peresenti ya milandu.

Matenda ambiri a khansa amaonedwa kuti ndi ochiritsira ndipo amakhala opulumuka kwambiri.

> Onetsetsani kuti kutentha kwa chithokomiro kumayambira bwanji.

Thyroiditis

Ichi ndi magulu a matenda a chithokomiro omwe amatanthauza kutupa kwa chithokomiro chanu. Chithokomiro chingayambidwe ndi ma anti-antibody pa gland, mavairasi, ndi mabakiteriya. Mitundu ya thyroiditis imaphatikizapo:

• Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis / de quervain's thyroiditis / kupweteketsa subacute thyroiditis
• Matenda a thyroiditis opatsirana
• Osapsa thyroiditis / chithokomiro cha thyroiditis
• Riedel's thyroiditis / chithokomiro choopsa
• Postpartum thyroiditis

Mankhwala amadalira mtundu wa thyroiditis ndipo amayambira ku mankhwala osamalitsa komanso osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandiza kuti asamakhale ndi mankhwala.

• Kodi Chithokomiro Cha Chithokomiro Chimachita Motani?

• Mankhwala Anga a Chithokomiro kwa Hashimoto Ndi Otheka, koma TSH Yanga Ndi Yachibadwa

Chowopsya Choopsa Chachilengedwe

Ichi ndi matenda omwe chithokomiro chimatulutsa mitsempha yambiri ndikukulitsa (goiter). Kawirikawiri, mitsemphayi imakhala "yogwira ntchito," kutanthauza kuti popanda mahomoni otulutsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa kachilombo. Goiter yamitundu yambiri ya poizoni imayambitsa matenda a hyperthyroidism.

Kodi Zinthu Zowopsa Kwambiri Ndi Ziti?

Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a chithokomiro ndi awa:

• Kulephera kwa ayodini kapena kupitirira
• Kuwonetsedwa kwa radioactivity kapena kuvuta kwa radioactive
• Kuwonjezera pa zakudya za soya ndi goitrogenic
• Kuchita opaleshoni kapena kupweteka kumalo a khosi
• Mimba kapena kubadwa kwaposachedwapa
• Mayi wamwamuna
• Mbiri yaumwini kapena banja la matenda omwe amadzimva okhaokha
• Kusuta fodya

Kodi Kusiyana Kwambiri ndi Chithokomiro N'chiyani?

Hypothyroidism

Matenda ambiri a chithokomiro ndi hypothyroidism, omwe amatanthauza vuto limene mulibe homoni yakwanira. Ali ndi zifukwa zingapo:

• Hashimoto's thyroiditis-chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa vuto kapena kutaya khungu la chithokomiro.
• Mankhwala otchedwa Post-operaroid hypothyroidism-atatha kale kapena mbali ina ya chithokomiro yakuchotsedwa opaleshoni.
• Thupi la hypothyroidism-limatulutsa mankhwala opatsirana ndi ayodini (RAI) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa khansa ya chithokomiro, matenda a Graves, ndi zina zotchedwa hypothyroidism ndi mitsempha.
• Congenital hypothyroidism -pamene mwana amabadwa popanda chithokomiro kapena mankhwala opweteka omwe sangathe kupanga mahomoni okwanira a chithokomiro.
• Iodine-deficiency hypothyroidism-chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ayodini mu zakudya.
• Mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso othandizira mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
• Mankhwala otchedwa hypitrogen-omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
• Selo / hypothyroidism yapakatikati-chifukwa cha chilema mu ntchito / mauthenga a chifuwa cha pituitary ndi hypothalamus.
• Kusokonezeka maganizo kwa hypothyroidism-kupwetekedwa kwambiri kwa khosi, monga kukwapulika kapena kupweteka khosi, kwakhala kulimbikitsidwa ndi kuyamba kwa hypothyroidism.
• Hysyroidism yosadziwika / idiopathic hypothyroidism-chithokomiro chimayamba kuchepa ndipo palibe chifukwa china chomwe chimayambitsa matenda kapena matenda.

Hyperthyroidism

Izi zikutanthauza kuti vuto la chithokomiro limapangitsa kuti maselo a chithokomiro apitirire kwambiri. Icho chilinso ndi zifukwa zingapo:

• Matenda Achimake a Graves-omwe amachititsa kuti hyperthyroidism iwonongeke.
• Kugonjetsa matenda a Hashimoto nthawi zina kumayambitsa nthawi ya hyperthyroidism.
• Iodine-owonjezera hyperthyroidism-amachokera ku kuwonjezereka kapena kupitirira kwambiri kwa ayodini.
• Mankhwala ndi mankhwala othandizira ena omwe amachititsa kuti mankhwalawa asokonezeke chifukwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mankhwala enaake.
• Matenda a toxic multinodular-matenda omwe nthawi zambiri amachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa mahomoni a chithokomiro.
• Chithokomiro-mitundu ina ingayambitse nthawi ya hyperthyroidism.
• Mankhwala otchedwa hyperthyroidism-omwe amachititsa kuti khungu la chithokomiro lizitha kuwonjezereka kwambiri ndi mankhwala otsekemera ndipo amachititsa mahomoni ambiri a chithokomiro.
• Chithokomiro chimagwedeza-nthawi zina zimatha kuyambitsa kutentha kwa chithokomiro chozungulira, kuchititsa hyperthyroidism. Iwo akhoza, komanso okha, kupanga hormone ya chithokomiro.

Goiter

Izi zikutanthauza kuti vuto la chithokomiro likulitsidwa kukula. Nkhumba imatha chifukwa cha matenda a Hashimoto's and Graves omwe amatha kudziwika, matenda a ayodini owonjezera komanso osowa, komanso matenda a chithokomiro.

Zizindikiro

Zizindikiro za matenda a chithokomiro zimakonda kusonyeza kuti thupi limakhala lopanda mphamvu (hypothyroidism), kutaya mphamvu kwambiri (hyperthyroidism), kutsegulira, komanso kutentha kapena kutsekemera m'kati mwa khosi (thyroiditis, nodules, khansa).

Zizindikiro zambiri za hypothyroidism ndizo:

• Kutopa
• Kulemera kwalemera
• Kulephera kuchepa thupi ndi zakudya ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi
• Kutsekedwa
• Kusadziletsa
• Kumva kuzizira
• Kutaya tsitsi (kuphatikizapo kunja kwa m'mphepete mwa nsidze)
• Utsi wa ubongo
• Zowawa zamphongo ndi zomangira

Zizindikiro zofala za hyperthyroidism zikuphatikizapo:

• Nkhawa
• Kusagona
• Kumverera kwa panicky
• Mitambo
• Zithunzi zosakanizika
• Kuchuluka kwa mtima wamtima
• Kutsekula m'mimba kapena zotayirira
• Kukumva kuti wathetsedwa
• Kutaya kosawerengeka kosadziwika

Zizindikiro m'khosi ndi chithokomiro zomwe zingasonyeze kuti vuto la chithokomiro ndilo:

• Khosi losasangalatsa
• Kuwongolera kwa chithokomiro kapena chotupa
• Osasangalala ndi zomangira, zofiira, turtlenecks, kapena makola
• Kusokonezeka
• Chikhure
• Chisoni m'khosi
• Zovuta kumeza

Nthaŵi zina, matenda a chithokomiro ndi mikhalidwe sangakhale ndi zizindikiro konse, monga khansara ya chithokomiro kapena mitundu ina ya thyroiditis.

Kufufuza ndi Kusanthula

Kuzindikira za chithokomiro kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zofunika:

• Kufufuza kwachipatala
• Kuyezetsa magazi : Mayi, izi zimaphatikizapo kuyesayesa kutulutsa mahomoni (TSH), free thyroxine (Free T4) ndi ma triboodothyronine (Free T3) omwe amawunika ma antibodies kuti azindikire matenda a Hashimoto ndi Graves, ndikuyesera mazinga a T3.
• Mayesero ojambula : Zoyezetsa zojambula zosiyanasiyana zimayesedwa kuti ziwononge kukula, mawonekedwe, ndi ntchito ya chithokomiro. Mayeserowa amayang'aniranso mitsempha kapena mitsempha ndikuyesa ngati akukayikira khansa ya chithokomiro ndipo amafunikanso kufufuza. Mayeserowa ndi awa omwe amawotchedwa iodine (RAI-U), CT opens, imaging magnetic resonance (MRI), ndi ultrasound.
• Chovala chabwino cha singano : Chida chabwino cha singano (FNA) biopsy imachitika ngati mitsempha ya chithokomiro imayesedwa kuti ikukayikira ndipo imafunika kuyesedwa kuti kansa ya kansa ikhoze.

Chithandizo

Hypothyroidism

Matendawa amachiritsidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo . Izi ndi mankhwala omwe amalembedwa ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa kuti mahomoni a chithokomiro asasowe m'thupi.

• Mankhwala ambiri omwe amachititsa kuti mankhwala a chithokomiro asinthe, amadziwika kuti levothyroxine, omwe amachititsa kuti mahomoni a thyroid ayambe kutuluka.
• Palinso mawonekedwe a mtundu wa T3, wotchedwa liothyronine, omwe nthawi zina amauzidwa ndi levothyroxine kwa T4 / T3 mankhwala othandizira.
• Komanso pali mankhwala ena otchedwa hormone omwe amatchulidwa kuti amatulutsa chithokomiro, nthawi zina amamasuliridwa kuti NDT kapena amatchedwa "chithokomiro cha chithokomiro." Ngakhale kuti zakhala zikupezeka kwa zaka zoposa zana ndipo zikugwiritsidwanso ntchito lero, NDT imakambidwa kutsutsana ndi gulu lalikulu lachipatala.

Matenda a Manda ndi Hyperthyroidism

Pali njira zitatu zazikulu zomwe Matenda a Manda ndi Matenda a hyperthyroidism amachiritsidwa:

1. Mankhwala othandizira mankhwala a Antithyroid - Mankhwala a antitroyroid, kuphatikizapo methimazole (tapazole), carbimazole (neo-mercazole), ndi propylthiouracil (PTU), amatha kuchepetsa kutentha kwa chithokomiro.
2. Chithandizo cha ayodini chowopsya (RAI) -Gii mu mlingo umodzi, kaya mu kapule kapena kumwa, imalowa mu chithokomiro, imatulutsa maselo a chithokomiro, ndi kuwononga ndi kuipha. Izi zimachepetsa chithokomiro, zimachepetsa ntchito yake, komanso zimachepetsa hyperthyroidism.
3. Chithandizo cha chithokomiro / chithokomiro -Nthawi zina, izi zimachitidwa ngati mankhwala a Graves 'matenda ndi hyperthyroidism, makamaka kwa anthu omwe sangathe kulekerera mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena omwe ali ndi pakati ndipo RAI sizosankha.

Kansa ya Chithokomiro

Chithandizo cha khansa ya chithokomiro nthaŵi zonse chimaphatikizapo kuchotsa chithokomiro chochotsera opaleshoni . Kwa mitundu yowopsa ya kansa ya chithokomiro, izi zikhoza kutsatiridwa ndi chithandizo cha RAI kuonetsetsa kuti maselo onse a chithokomiro awonongedwa, njira yomwe imadziwika ngati kuchepa kwa khungu.

Pambuyo pochotsa opaleshoni ya chithokomiro, odwala amagwiritsira ntchito hypothyroid ndipo amafunika kuti mankhwala a chithokomiro atsitsirenso mankhwala. Zosavuta, mankhwala ena-kuphatikizapo mazira a kunja, ma chemotherapy, kupuma kwa mpweya, komanso jekeseni wa ethanol-amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zomwe zimayambitsa autoimmunity ndi Hashimoto

Odwala omwe amagwira ntchito mwakhama komanso ogwira ntchito nthawi zina amadwala matenda a chithokomiro, makamaka a Hashimoto, ndi mlingo wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo naltrexone (LDN) womwe ungathandize kuchepetsa ma antibodies.

Njira zothandizira ena ndi izi:

• Supplementation ndi selenium pofuna kuchepetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
• Kutchula kusamvetseka kwa adrenal komwe kungakhale kovuta kwambiri chithandizo cha chithokomiro
• Kusintha kwa zakudya kumachepetsa kutupa
• Kuthetsa gluten ku zakudya chifukwa cha kugwirizana pakati pa gluten ndi kudziletsa
• Kusokonezeka maganizo ndi kusamalira

Chiberekero ndi Mimba

Ndondomeko yobereka ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri yodziwitsa thanzi labwino ndi ntchito. Ntchito ya chithokomiro yathanzi imafunika kuti chonde chikhale ndi thanzi labwino , mimba yabwino , ndi thanzi la pambuyo pathupi .

Ngati pali chithandizo cha chithokomiro chosadziŵika bwino, chikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zingapo, kuphatikizapo:

• Kulephera kubereka
• Zalephera kuthandizira mankhwala othandiza kubereka (monga vitro fertilization)
• Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwopsezo chokwanira koyambirira
• Kuonjezera ngozi ya preeclampsia ndi prematurity
• Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwopsezo cha kubereka
• Kuwonjezeka kwa chiopsezo cha kupweteka kwa pambuyo pa kubereka
• Kuwonjezeka kwa mavuto a kuyamwitsa

Chiyambi choyambira ndikufufuza njira zoyenera kutsata pofuna kuthandizira matenda a chithokomiro panthawi yomwe ali ndi mimba .

Mmene Mungagwirire Ntchito Ndi Madokotala

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti chimodzi mwa mavuto omwe mukukumana ndi matenda a chithokomiro, chithandizo, ndi chitonthozo cha zizindikiro zenizeni kwenikweni ndizo zothandiza anthu odwala. Dokotala wabwino akhoza kupanga kusiyana konse. Kuti izi zitheke, ndizofunika kudziwa momwe mungasankhire bwino dokotala woyenera pa chithandizo chanu cha chithokomiro ndikuphunzira momwe mungalankhulire nawo bwino

Funso limodzi limene mungakhale mukudabwa ndiloti simukusowa katswiri wa zamagetsi . Yankho likudalira pa chikhalidwe chanu ndi zolinga zanu. Ngati mukusowa katswiri wa zamagetsi, mudzafuna kutsimikizira kuti mumapeza munthu wokhudzana ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana ndi zofunikira ndi ziyeneretso . Komanso, mukufuna kuonetsetsa kuti dokotala akupereka bwino kwambiri chithandizo cha chithokomiro chanu.

Kukhala ndi Matenda a Chithokomiro

Kudziwa, kupatsa mphamvu, ndi kugwira ntchito ndi odziwa bwino n'kofunika kwambiri kuti mukhale ndi matenda a chithokomiro. Kuti mumve mfundo zina, onani:

• Njira 10 Zokhalira Wodzichepetsa Wodwala Chithokomiro
• Malangizo 14 Okhala ndi Moyo Ndi Matenda a Chithokomiro

Zakudya, Kutaya Kwambiri, ndi Kulumikizana Kwambiri

Njira imodzi imene anthu ena amadziwira kuti ali ndi vuto la chithokomiro ndi kufulumira kwa kulemera kwa thupi kapena kutaya thupi . Powapeza ndi kuwachiza odwala chithokomiro, chimodzi mwa mavuto omwe amakumana nawo ndi vuto lochepetsera thupi kapena kulemera, ngakhale kuti ali ndi zakudya zabwino komanso zolimbitsa thupi.

Kulumikizana pakati pa chithokomiro kugwira ntchito ndi kagayidwe kake kamadziwika bwino. Komabe, mankhwala ambiri amatsutsanabe ndi kugwirizana pakati pa hypothyroidism ndi kulemera, mavuto omwe anthu omwe ali ndi hypothyroidism amalephera kulemera , ndipo zotsatira zokhudzana ndi chithokomiro zimakhudza thanzi labwino, chimbudzi, shuga wa magazi, ndi thanzi labwino.

Odwala ambiri a chithokomiro ali ndi vuto lolemetsa zimakhala zothandiza kumvetsa zomwe zimakhudza kuchepa kwa thupi ndi hypothyroidism . Izi zikuphatikizapo ntchito ya T3 ndi leptin , mahomoni awiri ofunikira omwe amathandiza odwala chithokomiro kukwanitsa kulemera.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri, onani:

• Kodi Chakudya Chokoma Chachikulu N'chiyani?
• Njira 30 Zomwe Mungapangire Zakudya Zanu
• Chakudya cha Chithokomiro ndi Chidziwitso cha Kutaya Kwambiri

Mawu Ochokera

Nthawi iliyonse mukapezeka kuti muli ndi matenda aakulu, zingakhale zosokoneza komanso zoopsa. Mpata wanu wabwino pa kupambana kwa thanzi kumaphatikizapo kutenga nawo mbali ndi kulimbikitsa chisamaliro chanu cha chithokomiro. Ndipo chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kukhala wodwala chithokomiro chokhala bwino ndi kukhala ndi chidziwitso. Izi zikutanthauza kuwerengera, kutsata kufufuza kwatsopano, ndi kugwirizana ndi ena omwe angathe kugawana nawo uphungu wawo wabwino.

Phunzirani mochuluka momwe mungathere ndikuonetsetsa kuti mukuthetsa kusinkhasinkha , mwachitsanzo, kungathandize pambali pa chithandizo cha chithokomiro chanu. Ndipo ngakhale mutamva ngati mukulimbana ndi madokotala, mankhwala, ndi zizindikiro zofooketsa, musataye mtima ! Mamilioni a anthu akukhala bwino ndi chithokomiro ndipo inunso mukhoza kukhala imodzi mwa nkhani zabwinozi.

_Zotsatira:

_{Bahn, R., Burch, H, Cooper, D, et al. "Hyperthyroidism ndi Zinthu Zina za Thyrotoxicosis: Malangizo Otsogolera a American Thyroid Association ndi American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists." Chitetezo cha Endocrine. Vol 17 No. 3 May / June 2011.}

_{Braverman, L, Cooper D. Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid, 10th Edition. WLL / Wolters Kluwer; 2012.}

_{Garber, J, Cobin, R, Gharib, H, et. al. Malangizo Okhudza Zipatala za Hypothyroidism M'zochitika Zakale: Ambiri amathandizidwa ndi American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists ndi American Thyroid Association. " Chitetezo cha Endocrine. Mph. 18 No. 6 Novemba / December 2012.}

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_{Smallridge, R, Ain, K, Asa, S, et. al. "Amayi a American Thyroid Association Malangizo Othandizira Otsogolera Odwala Matenda a Anaplastic Thyroid." Chithokomiro. Vesi 22, Nambala 11, 2012: 10.1089 / wanu.2012.0302}

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