Kuzindikira kwa khansa ya m'mawere kumakhala koopsa. Koma lero, ndi ndalama zowonjezera zoposa 98%, pali zifukwa zambiri kuposa nthawi zonse zomwe zingakhale zabwino. Panthawi ina, khansa ya m'mawere imangowoneka pamene chotupa chinali chachikulu kuti chiwone kapena kumverera. Tsopano izo zikhoza kuzindikiridwa - ndi kuchiritsidwa - kale kwambiri, kawirikawiri zizindikiro zonse zisanawonekere.
Chofunika kwambiri pa khansa ya m'mawere, matenda ndi matenda ndi awa:
- Mammography
- Kupititsa patsogolo opaleshoni
- Mafunde
- Chemotherapy
- Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amaletsa estrogen
- Kuyezetsa magazi
- Mankhwala othandizira maselo
Kwa zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, kupita patsogolo kwa zamankhwala kwathandizira kusinthika kwathu kumvetsa za khansa.
Kupititsa patsogolo pa matenda a khansa ya m'mawere
Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1950, kupita patsogolo kwa minofu kumatchulidwa kuti akukweza khansa ya m'mawere yomwe ilipo kwa zaka zisanu (yomwe siinafalikire kuchokera kumalo ake enieni) kuyambira 80% mpaka 98%. Mammography tsopano ndi njira imodzi yodziwira khansa ya m'mawere. Njira zotsatirazi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazaka zowunikira:
- Pambuyo pa chaka cha 1967, matenda opatsirana pogonana apeza kutchuka ndi kuyambitsa zida makamaka za m'mawere-mazira. Panthawi imeneyo, cholinga cha mammography - chomwecho ngati MRI masiku ano - chinali kufufuza zambiri za zolakwika zomwe zinali zitadziwika kale. Kuyeza mafilimu - tsopano akulangizidwa kuti amayi onse azaka 40 ndi kupitirira - ayambe m'ma 1980.
- Digital Mammography - Digital mammography adayambitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 ndipo amapereka zithunzi zambiri komanso yosungirako zosayerekezereka zam'tsogolo, koma sichipezeka m'madera ambiri, makamaka kunja kwa mizinda ndi zipatala zazikulu. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti digito ya digito imathandiza makamaka amayi osapitirira 50 omwe ali ndi nthawi, komanso omwe ali ndi minofu yambiri. Minofu yokhala ndi mafuta ochepa akhoza kusokoneza zolakwika m'mayendedwe oyenera. Kwa amayi ambiri, digito si yolondola kwambiri kuposa nthawi zambiri yammography, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika mtengo ndipo nthawi zambiri sichikuphimbidwa ndi inshuwalansi.
- Zithunzi zitatu - Zopangira zamakono zogwirizana ndi FDA mu 2011, zigawo zitatu zimatha kupanga zithunzi zooneka bwino ndi ziyembekezo zowonjezera khansa zambiri ndi kudula chiwerengero cha miyendo yambiri yobwereza.
- Ultrasound - Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, madokotala adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ultrasound kuti azindikire ngati chida chodziwika kale chinali cholimba kapena chamadzi, chomwe chinathandiza kuti azindikire.
- MRI - Mu 2007, American Cancer Society (ACS) inalimbikitsa amayi a MRIs chaka chilichonse kuti ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha khansa ya m'mawere, koma njirayi ndi yokwera mtengo ndipo imapezeka mumidzi yambiri. Ngakhalenso ultrasound kapena MRI silingathe kuzindikira zochepa , zomwe nthawi zina ndizo chizindikiro chokha cha khansara yoyambirira. Chinthu china chovuta ndi chakuti MRI sichitha kusiyanitsa khansara yowononga (noncancerous) anomalies, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitundu yambiri isagwiritsidwe ntchito.
- Zotsatira za ma Breast and Self-Exams - A ACS omwe poyamba adalimbikitsa mayeso apakati pa chaka ndi dokotala komanso kuyesa kufufuza mawere (BSEs), Mu 2015, iwo adasintha malangizo omwe akunena kuti salinso ovomerezeka poyezetsa khansa ya m'mawere pakati amayi omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chokwanira pa msinkhu uliwonse.
Kuchita Opaleshoni, Mafunde, ndi Chemotherapy
Njira zotsatirazi zothandizira zosiyanasiyana zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri:
- Zochita Zochita Opaleshoni - Zopweteka kwambiri - kuchotsedwa kwa mfupa, minofu ndi ziwalo zam'mimba zowonongeka - nthawi zina zinkachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Cha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940 kunabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu komwe kunasokoneza minofu. M'zaka za m'ma 1970, ntchito yopanga opaleshoni yoperewera inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito, pokhudzana ndi kuchotsa chotupa ndi zochepa za minofu - yomwe imatchedwa " lumpectomy ". Mu 1985, kupweteka kwa mankhwalawa kuphatikizapo mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito ma radiation kunapezeka kuti ndiwothandiza kwambiri monga chiwerengero cha kupulumuka komabe chimachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ochepa kwambiri.
- Mafunde - Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, madokotala adagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa poyambitsa matendawa.
- Chemotherapy - Yatulutsidwa m'ma 1940, chemotherapy ikhoza kuchepetsa kupweteka kwa chiberekero musanachite opaleshoni, kuchepetsa kubwereranso pambuyo pake ndi kuchiza khansara yomwe yatha, yomwe ikufalikira kupitirira malo ake oyambirira. Ngakhale kuti izi zimabweretsa mavuto, kuphatikizapo kunyowa, kutopa ndi fupa la poizoni, mankhwala a chemotherapy ndi ochepa kwambiri masiku ano kuposa kale.
Kupanga Mankhwala
Njira zotsatirazi zamagulu osiyanasiyana zamagwiritsidwe ntchito:
- Selection Estrogen Receptor Modifiers (Zachimake) - ZIMODZI, monga Nolvadex (tamoxifen) , zimayambitsa khansa zomwe zimafunikira estrogen kukula mwa kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa estrogen kulowa mu selo ya khansa. Azimayi omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu, tamoxifen inapezeka kuti imachepetsa kubwereranso ndi chitukuko cha khansara ya m'mawere ndi 50 peresenti ikatenga zaka zisanu. Tamoxifen amaika chiopsezo cha khansa ya uterine yopanda kufa; chiopsezo, komabe, ndi chaching'ono kwambiri. Evista (raloxifene) , yemweyo, ngakhale kuti ndi mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, sapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto la khansa ya uterine. Sitikuona kuti m'malo mwa tamoxifen amalowetsedwa m'malo mwa anthu omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'mawere ya estrogen.
- Aromatase Inhibitors - Kwa amayi omwe amatha kumwa mankhwalawa, aromatase inhibitors - gulu la mankhwala omwe amaphatikizapo Arimidex (anastrozole) , Aromasin (exemestane) ndi Femara (letrozole) - ntchito yochepetsa isrogen yomwe imapezeka ndi maselo a khansa ndipo yapezeka kuti ikugwira ntchito bwino kusiyana ndi tamoxifen kwa amayi omwe ali ndi postmenopausal komanso omwe ali ndi khansa ya bere ya estrogen yabwino.
- Thandizo la Hormonal Targeted - Herceptin (trastuzumab) ndi mankhwala opatsirana omwe amamangirira mtundu wina wa khansa ya m'mawere yomwe ili ndi mapuloteni ambiri a HER2 / neu pamwamba pake. Zimapha maselo a khansa, koma minofu yaing'ono yathanzi. Herceptin anaphatikizana ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa khungu la HER2 / neu-positive khansa 50%.
Kupewa ndi Kuyeza kwa Genetic
Lero, tikudziwa kuti kudya zakudya zowonongeka , kuchita masewero olimbitsa thupi , kuchepetsa thupi ndi kupewa kumwa mowa kungathandize amayi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mawere.
Kwa amayi ena, kusankha kwa moyo sikungakhale kokwanira. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, sayansi inatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa mitundu ina ya majeremusi BRCA1 ndi BRCA2 kumayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa 80% pa chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mawere. Azimayi ena omwe amazindikira kuti ali pachiopsezo chachikulu amatenga gawo lalikulu lochotsa mawere awo - ndipo nthawi zina mazira awo amathandizanso kupewa matendawa.
Akatswiri amavomereza kuti chibadwa ndilo chigawo chotsatira. Njira zamtsogolo zingaphatikizepo kuyesedwa kwa majeremusi kuti azidzipangira yekha mankhwala odwala komanso ngakhale njira zothetsera kapena kubwezeretsa majeremusi owopsa pamaso pa khansa ya m'mawere. Komabe, kudziwa zachipatala mofulumira kungathandizenso amayi kuti azivutika kwambiri pamene akulimbana ndi zisankho zothandiza.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti simuli nokha. Masiku ano, opulumuka khansa ya m'mawere ndiwamphamvu kwambiri mdziko lathu, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo komanso kuwoneka mwazochitika monga Susan G. Komen Foundation (National) (National) Race for the Cure. Kuwonjezera apo, magulu othandizira khansa ya m'mawere , midzi ya intaneti, ndi zina zotere zimapereka nangula kwa amayi omwe amapezeka ndi matendawa.
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