Mankhwala a mtundu wamtunduwu ndi mankhwala osakanikirana, opanda mphamvu, omwe angapangitse zithunzi za zisokonezo zamagulu a pulayimale ndi ziwalo zamabotolo, mwinamwake chifukwa cha ntchito yake yoyamba ngati wothandizira. Mukaphatikizidwa m'madzi, chinthucho chimakhala chosemphana ndi mankhwala, formaldehyde.
Formalin ndi wothandizira ambiri omwe amapezeka m'ma laboratories azachipatala kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi, pamene "akukonza" zitsanzo za minofu; zitsanzo za biologic zimatchedwa "formalin fixed, parafini yokhazikika" pamene formalin amapanga mgwirizano pakati pa mapepala omwe amasungira zitsanzozo, ndipo parafini yomwe imalowa minofu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupereka mphamvu yokwanira ndi mphamvu kuti zitsulo zikhale tagawidwa mwapang'onopang'ono ndikuyikidwa pazithunzi kuti tiwoneko pang'ono.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa formaldehyde ndi formalin sikungogwiritsidwe ntchito pa mankhwala, komabe, ndi formaldehyde ndizofala kwambiri pa chilengedwe kuposa momwe wina angaganizire. Mndandanda wafupipafupi wa mankhwala omwe ali nawo kapena opangidwa ndi formaldehyde amatsatira:
- Zipangizo zina zomanga nyumba, kuphatikizapo zinthu zamtengo wapatali, monga particleboard, plywood, ndi fibreboard
- Zina zamagulu ndi zomatira
- Nsalu zokhazikika zosatha
- Zophimba mapepala
- Zida zina zotsekereza
- Industrial fungicides, germicides, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
- Zosungiramo mankhwala m'maboma ndi ma laboratories a zamankhwala
Makhalidwe amtunduwu amakhalanso achilengedwe. Ndipotu, imapangidwa pangТono pang'onopang'ono ndi zamoyo monga gawo lachibadwa.
Kodi Loyamba Linagwiritsidwa Ntchito Liti?
Chidale choyamba chinali choyamba kugulitsidwa ku Germany m'ma 1880, kenako ku Belgium, France, ndi United States. M'mbuyomu, formaldehyde poyamba idagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka monga chithandizo chamankhwala, kapena wothandizira.
Masiku ano, ntchito zoterozo zimaimira zosachepera limodzi peresenti ya chitumbuwa. Gwiritsani ntchito mu particleboard, yomwe inayamba mu 1940 ku Germany inali imodzi mwa zoyamba zamakampani za mankhwala.
Kodi Chigwiritsidwa Ntchito Bwanji Masiku Ano?
Zikuyesa kuti matani oposa 3.6 miliyoni a formaldehyde pachaka amapangidwa ndi ojambula a ku Europe okha, kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mu mafakitale osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo zomangamanga, magalimoto, ndege ndi chithandizo chamankhwala.
Mu 2012, dziko la China linali lopanga kwambiri, lotsatiridwa ndi US ndi mayiko ena. Zomwe dziko lapansi linkapanga lidawonjezeka kuti liposa matani 52 miliyoni mu 2017.
Mankhwalawa amakhala abwino kwambiri komanso amatha kutentha kwambiri, motero amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziwalo zambiri za ndege, kuphatikizapo zida zogwiritsira ntchito zida zowonongeka, zowonongeka, zitseko komanso mawindo. Zochepa za resdedehyde zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zinthu zamagetsi zimagwiritsa ntchito makina opangira nsalu kuti athandize dyes kuikidwa mu nsalu ndikuletsa mitundu kuti isayambe pamene zovala zatsukidwa.
Kodi Anthu Amasonyeza Bwanji Kuti Amakhala Okhaokha?
Malingana ndi American Cancer Society, njira yaikulu yomwe anthu amavomerezera formaldehyde ndi kupyolera m'thupi, komabe n'kotheka kuwonetseredwa kudzera pakhungu kapena kudya zakudya kapena kumwa zamadzimadzi zomwe zili ndi formaldehyde. Mankhwala omwe amatha kuonana ndi otchedwa mpweya wa mucosa, maselo akugwera m'kamwa, mphuno ndi mpweya, akhoza kuthyoledwa ndi michere yomwe imakhala yosachepera gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a magaziwo.
Mpweya wamkati ndi kunja kwa kunja kuli ndi formaldehyde yochepa. Izi ndizochepa kuposa magawo 0,03 miliyoni.
Kutentha kwa galimoto ndi gwero lalikulu la formaldehyde kunja kwa mlengalenga, pamene mawonekedwe a mkati a formaldehyde amalandira zopereka kuchokera ku zinthu monga zolemetsa zamatabwa zomwe zimakhala ndi resinhydede resins, zinyumba zosagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba, ndi okonza mafuta a kerosene. Utsi wa fodya umayambitsanso formaldehyde, ndipo kafukufuku wina wapeza kuti mkulu wa formaldehyde amamangidwa ndi DNA m'maselo oyera a osuta poyerekeza ndi osasuta.
Kodi Matupi a Mthupi Angakhudze Bwanji Moyo Wonse Wathanzi?
Anthu amene adziwululidwa mwazidzidzidzi ku maola 0.0 mpaka 0,5 ppm akhala akunenedwa kuti ali ndi ubongo wamaso, maso, ndi ubwino wa mphumu ndi / kapena zovuta.
Eczema ndi kusintha kwa mapapu akuwonetseredwa pamtundu wa 0,6 mpaka 1.9 ppm. Kuchepetsa thupi, zilonda za m'mimba, chiwindi ndi impso zinawonetsedwa pamtambo pamlomo pamasamba 50-100 / kilogalamu / tsiku (mg / kg / tsiku) formaldehyde.
Kodi Matendawa Amatha Kudwala Khansa?
Mwamwayi, yankho la funso ili likuwoneka kuti "inde" panthawiyi. Izi ndizo, magulu osiyanasiyana amadziwa kuti pangakhale chiopsezo cha chitukuko cha khansa chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa formaldehyde, koma kukula kwake kapena kukula kwa ngoziyi sikuli bwino. Dipatimenti ya Health and Human Services (HHS) inatsimikiza mu 2011 kuti formaldehyde ndi khansa yotchuka ya anthu yochokera ku maphunziro a anthu otukuka.
Kodi Kutentha Kwachibadwa Kumakhudzana ndi Khansa ya m'magazi ndi Matenda Ena a Khansa?
Ngakhale kuti khola lomwelo likuwoneka kuti likugwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ku khansa ya magazi -kuti njira yeniyeni ya khansa yochokera ku formaldehyde siidziwika- khansa ya m'magazi , ndipo makamaka mtundu wa khansa ya m'magazi yotchedwa myeloid khansa ya m'magazi , yatchulidwa ndi mabungwe ochepa chabe mwa kuphatikiza ndi formaldehyde . Pano pali chidule cha chiopsezo cha formaldehyde kuchokera ku American Cancer Society:
Kuwonetseredwa kwa formaldehyde kwawonetsedwa chifukwa cha khansa m'matenda oyesa ma laboratory. Kuwonetsetsa kwa formaldehyde wochulukirapo muzochitika zachipatala ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi ntchito zakhala zikugwirizana ndi mitundu ina ya khansara mwa anthu, koma zotsatira za kuwonetsera kwa ndalama zing'onozing'ono sizikudziwika bwino.
ACS imanenanso kuti kafukufuku wambiri amapeza kuti olemba mankhwala ndi odwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito formaldehyde ali ndi chiopsezo chochuluka cha khansa ya m'magazi, makamaka mitsempha ya m'magazi: "Kafukufuku wina wa ogwira ntchito zamakampani omwe ali ndi formaldehyde apeza ngozi yowopsa ya khansa ya m'magazi, koma osati maphunziro onse wasonyeza ngozi yaikulu. "
Akatswiri ofufuza za National Cancer Institute apeza kuti, pogwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera kufukufuku mwa anthu ndi kafukufuku wa labu, kufikitsidwa kwa formaldehyde kungayambitse khansa ya m'magazi, makamaka myeloid leukemia, mwa anthu.
EPA ya ku United States inati: "Mafuta amtunduwu amatha kukhumudwitsa khungu, maso, mphuno ndi mmero. Mafunde apamwamba angayambitse mitundu ina ya khansa. "Bungweli limapereka magawo ndi miyezo yeniyeni yokhudza mawonekedwe a formaldehyde ndi ngozi:
- EPA ya United States yatsimikiza kuti kufotokozera formaldehyde m'madzi akumwa pa ma 10 milligrams / lita (mg / L) kwa tsiku limodzi kapena 5 mg / L kwa masiku khumi sikuyembekezeredwa kuvulaza ana.
- EPA yatsimikiziranso kuti nthawi zonse moyo wa 1 mg / L wa formaldehyde m'madzi akumwa sudzayembekezeretsa zotsatira za thanzi labwino.
Mabungwe ena adagonjetsanso pa formaldehyde:
- Bungwe la Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) limakhala lochepa kwa antchito pafupifupi 0,75 ppm kwa ola limodzi la ola limodzi, ola limodzi la ola limodzi.
- Dipatimenti ya Maofesi a Nyumba ndi Maiko a ku United States (HUD) yakhazikitsa miyezo yotulutsa formaldehyde m'nyumba zopangidwa zosakwana 0,2 ppm kwa plywood ndi 0.3 ppm kwa bolodi. Miyezo ya HUD yapangidwa kuti ikhale ndi mpweya wozungulira wa 0,4 ppm kapena wochepa mu nyumba zopangidwa.
Kafukufuku Akuyesera Kuchita Zotsatira Maselo Akumagazi
Ngati ndi zoona kuti formaldehyde imapangitsa kuti pakhale chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'magazi, ndiye kuti zikutheka kuti izi zimachitika momwe asayansi angayang'anire. Izi ndizo zomwe zinatsogolera phunziro lomwe linafalitsidwa mu magazini ya May 2017 ya Zowona Zowonongeka mu Toxicology zomwe zinayang'ana zotsatira za formaldehyde kuwonongeka kwa ogwira ntchito ku formaldehyde pa mafakitale awiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kapena kupanga ma resin a formaldehyde-melamine ku China.
Kafukufuku wakale adapeza kuti kuwonetsetsa koteroko kumayambitsa ma maselo opanga magazi mu mafupa. Mu phunziro lino, opendawo amayesa kukhazikitsa kupezeka kwa maselo ena m'maselo oyera a magazi poyankha formaldehyde. Iwo sankakhoza kusonyeza kusiyana kwa selo loyera la magazi, granulocyte, platelet, ndi maselo ofiira a maselo ofiira omwe ankadalira maonekedwe a formaldehyde. Pakati pa antdevede omwe ankadziwika bwino, palibe mgwirizano womwe unkachitika pakati pa kafukufuku wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a formaldehyde ndi mafupipafupi a ma chromosomes ambiri m'maselo. Phunziroli silinatsimikizire kuti formaldehyde ndi yotetezeka, koma kuti zotsatira zovulaza za formaldehyde sizikuwoneka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nambala ya chromosome, osachepera poyeza mayeso.
Mawu Ochokera
Ngakhale asayansi akupitirizabe kuyesa kumvetsetsa zoopsa zomwe zimachitika ndi formaldehyde, pali zinthu zina zomwe mungachite kunyumba kuti muchepetse kukhala kwanu. EPA ikukulimbikitsani kugwiritsa ntchito malonda ogwiritsa ntchito "kunja-grade" ngakhale m'nyumba. Mwachiwonekere, mankhwalawa amachotsa pang'ono formaldehyde chifukwa cha mankhwala omwe amapezeka pamagetsi.
Mukhozanso kufunsa za formaldehyde zomwe zili panthawi yogula-pamene mukugula zinthu zogulitsidwa pamtengo kuphatikizapo zipangizo zomangira, makabati, ndi mipando, ndi zina zotero.
Maselo a formaldehyde amatha kuchepetsedwa mwa kusalola kusuta m'nyumba. Muyeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya wabwino uli bwino. Ndipo chinachake choyenera kuganizira pamene kukonza bwino chipinda chanu ndicho kutentha kotentha komanso kuchepetsa kuchepa kwazomwekukulimbikitsidwa. Anthu ena amasunga ndalama mwa kusawotha nyumba nthawi yayitali, koma simukufuna kuti kutentha kwapanyumba kukhale koopsa kwambiri.
> Zotsatira:
> American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/formaldehyde.html
> Mundt KA, Gallagher AE, Dell LD, et al. Kodi kugwira ntchito kwa formaldehyde kumayambitsa hematotoxicity ndi khansa ya m'magazi-yeniyeni ya chromosome imasintha maselo omwe amayamba kukhala myeloid? Crit Rev Toxicol . 2017 May 2: 1-11.
> ToxFAQs TM ya Formaldehyde. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts111.pdf