Mmene Chibadwa Chimakhudzira Ukalamba ndi Mmene Mungasinthire "Chibadwa Chanu
DNA yanu inganeneratu zambiri za inu kuposa mmene mumaonekera. Malingana ndi chikhalidwe cha ukalamba, majini anu (komanso kusintha kwa majeremusi awo) ali ndi udindo wautali wanu. Pano pali zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza majini ndi moyo wautali, ndipo kumene chibadwa chimagwirizana pakati pa ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana za ukalamba.
Mfundo Yachibadwa Yokulamba - Tanthauzo
Chikhulupiriro cha ukalamba chimanena kuti moyo umakhala wotsimikizika ndi majini omwe timalandira.
Malingana ndi chiphunzitsochi, moyo wathu wautali umatsimikiziridwa makamaka panthawi ya pathupi ndipo makamaka kudalira makolo athu ndi majini awo.
Chifukwa cha chiphunzitsochi ndi chakuti zigawo za DNA zomwe zimachitika kumapeto kwa ma chromosomes, otchedwa telomeres , zimatsimikizira kuti nthawi yayitali ya selo. Ma telomeres ndi zidutswa za "Dunk" DNA kumapeto kwa ma chromosomes omwe amakhala ochepa nthawi iliyonse selo ligawanika. Ma telomerewa amakhala ofufupi ndi offupika ndipo pamapeto pake, maselo sangathe kugawa popanda kutaya zidutswa zofunika za DNA.
Musanayambe kufotokozera momwe zobadwa zimakhudzira ukalamba, ndi mfundo zotsutsana ndi chiphunzitsochi, ndizothandiza kukambilana mwachidule magulu akuluakulu a zikhulupiriro zakale komanso zina mwazinthu zomwe zili m'magulu awa. Pakalipano palibe lingaliro limodzi kapena gulu limodzi la ziphunzitso zomwe zingathe kufotokoza zonse zomwe timaziona tikakalamba.
Malingaliro Okalamba
Pali mitundu iwiri yapadera ya maganizo okalamba omwe amasiyana kwambiri ndi omwe angatchulidwe kuti "cholinga" cha ukalamba. Mu gawo loyamba, ukalamba ndizochitika mwangozi; kuwonjezeka kwa kuwonongeka ndi kuvala ndi kuvulaza thupi lomwe pamapeto pake limatsogolera ku imfa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mapulogalamu okalamba omwe amachititsa kuti anthu azikalamba ndi okalamba, amayendetsedwa m'njira zomwe zingafanane ndi mbali zina za moyo monga kutha msinkhu.
Zolakwitsa zolembazi zikuphatikizapo malingaliro osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo:
- Valani ndi kudula lingaliro la ukalamba
- Mlingo wokhala ndi chiphunzitso cha ukalamba
- Mapuloteni ophatikizapo chiphunzitso cha kachiwiri
- Zosamveka zowona za ukalamba
- Nthano yosinthika mwachisokonezo cha ukalamba
Kupanga ndondomeko za ukalamba ndizophatikizidwira m'magulu osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe thupi lathu lakonzedwera kuti lifike zaka ndi kufa.
- Kukonzekera kwa moyo wautali - Kukonzekera kwa moyo wautali kumanena kuti moyo umatsimikiziridwa ndi kusinthasintha kofanana ndi kutuluka kwa majini.
- Chiphunzitso cha Endocrine cha ukalamba
- Maganizo a umoyo wa ukalamba
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malingaliro ameneŵa komanso ngakhale magulu a zikhulupiriro zakale.
Zojambula ndi Zochita za Bodily
Musanafotokoze mfundo zazikulu zokhudzana ndi ukalamba ndi majini, tiyeni tione zomwe DNA yathu ili ndi zina mwa njira zomwe zimayambitsa moyo wathu.
Zamoyo zathu zili mu DNA yathu yomwe ili mkatikati mwa selo iliyonse m'matupi athu. (Palinso DNA ya mitochondrial yomwe ilipo mu organelles yotchedwa mitochondria yomwe ilipo pa cytoplasm ya selo.) Tili ndi ma chromosome 46 omwe amapanga DNA yathu, 23 yomwe imachokera kwa amayi athu ndi 23 kuchokera kwa makolo athu. Mwa awa, 44 ali autosomes, ndipo awiri ndi ma chromosomes a kugonana, omwe amatsimikizira ngati ife tiyenera kukhala wamwamuna kapena wamkazi.
(DNA ya Mitochondrial, mosiyana, imatengera zochepa zowonjezera mazira ndipo imalandira kuchokera kwa amayi athu okha.)
M'kati mwa ma chromosomeswa timakhala ndi majini athu, chibadwa chathu chomwe chimayendetsa chidziwitso cha njira iliyonse yomwe idzachitika m'maselo athu. Matupi athu angathe kuonedwa monga makalata omwe amapanga mawu ndi ziganizo za malangizo. Mawu ndi ziganizozi zimakhala zolemba kuti apange mapuloteni omwe amayang'anira njira iliyonse yamagulu.
Ngati wina wa majeremusi awa awonongeka, mwachitsanzo, mwa kusintha kwamasinthidwe kamene kamasintha mndandanda wa "makalata ndi mawu" mu malangizo, puloteni yosadziwika ikhoza kupanga, zomwe zimapanga ntchito yolakwika.
Ngati kusinthika kumachitika m'zipuloteni zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa selo, khansa ikhoza kuchitika. Ngati ma jini ameneŵa amasinthidwa kuchokera kubadwa, syndromes yobadwa mwachibadwa ingachitike. Mwachitsanzo, cystic fibrosis ndi chikhalidwe chimene mwana amachokera ku majini awiri omwe amatha kusintha mapuloteni omwe amayendetsa njira zothandizira kayendedwe ka maselo m'maselo a thukuta, glands, ndi zina zambiri. Chotsatira cha kusintha kwasintha kumeneku kumabweretsa kuphulika kwa ntchentche zopangidwa ndi zilonda izi, ndi mavuto omwe amachititsa omwe ali okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ichi.
Mmene Chibadwa Chimakhudzira Moyo
Sizimaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane kuti zamoyo zathu zimasewera gawo lina la moyo. Anthu omwe makolo awo ndi makolo awo anakhalako nthawi yayitali, amakhala ndi moyo nthawi yaitali komanso mosiyana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, tikudziwa kuti zamoyo zokha sizinali zokha chifukwa cha ukalamba. Maphunziro akuyang'ana mapasa ofanana akuwulula kuti pali china chake chikuchitika; Mapasa ofanana omwe ali ndi majini ofanana samakhala nthawi zonse zaka zofanana.
Majini ena ndi opindulitsa komanso amathandiza kuti moyo ukhale wathanzi. Mwachitsanzo, jini lomwe limathandiza munthu kuchepetsa mafuta m'thupi limachepetsa chiopsezo cha munthu cha matenda a mtima.
Mitundu ina ya kusintha kwa majini imachokera, ndipo ikhoza kuchepetsa moyo. Komabe, kusintha kusinthika kungathenso atabereka , popeza kutsekemera kwa poizoni, zowonongeka komanso ma radiation zingachititse kuti majini asinthe. (Kusintha kwa Gene kusintha komwe kunatengedwa pambuyo pa kubadwa kumatchulidwa kuti ndikutenga kapena kusokonezeka kwa mitundu ya gene gene.) Zosintha zambiri sizili zoyipa kwa inu, ndipo zina zingakhale zothandiza. Chifukwa chakuti kusintha kwa majeremusi kumayambitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini, yomwe imapangitsa anthu kukhala ndi thanzi labwino. Zosintha zina, zotchedwa kusintha mutations, sizikhala ndi mphamvu pamtundu uliwonse.
Ma jini ena, akamasinthidwa ndi owopsa, ngati omwe amawonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa. Anthu ambiri amadziwa kusintha kwa BRCA1 ndi BRCA2 zomwe zimayambitsa khansa ya m'mawere. Zamoyo zimenezi zimatchedwa kuti majeremusi opatsirana pogonana omwe ali ndi mapuloteni omwe amachititsa kuti DNA iwonongeke (kapena kuchotsedwa kwa selo ndi DNA yowonongeka ngati kukonzedwa sikutheka.)
Matenda ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa mitundu ya jini zitha kusintha moyo. Izi zimaphatikizapo cystic fibrosis , matenda a sickle cell anemia , matenda a Tay-Sachs ndi matenda a Huntington , kutchula ochepa.
Mfundo Zachidule mu Mfundo Yachibadwa ya Kukalamba
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zokhudzana ndi majini ndi ukalamba zimaphatikizapo mfundo zingapo zofunikira ndi malingaliro ochokera ku telomere kufikitsa malingaliro onena za udindo wa maselo otsekemera pa ukalamba.
Telomeres - Kumapeto kwa chromosome yathu iliyonse ndi chidutswa cha "Dunk" DNA chotchedwa telomeres . Ma telomeres samalemba mavitamini ena koma amawoneka kuti ali ndi chitetezo, kusunga mapeto a DNA kuchoka ku mbali zina za DNA kapena kupanga bwalo. Nthawi iliyonse selo imagawaniza telefoni pang'ono imachotsedwa. Pomaliza. palibe DNA yopanda kanthu imeneyi yomwe yatsala, ndipo kupitiriza kuwononga kungathe kuwononga ma chromosomes ndi majini kuti selo life.
Kawirikawiri, maselo ambiri amatha kugawanika kawiri kuti telomere isagwiritsidwe ntchito (chigawo cha Hayflick). Selo la khansa lasankha njira yoti pasachotse, ndipo nthawi zina kuwonjezera, gawo la telomere. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, maselo ena monga maselo oyera amagazi samagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa telomere . Zikuwoneka kuti pamene majini mumaselo athu onse ali ndi mawu okhudzana ndi telomerase ya enzyme yomwe imalepheretsa kuchepa kwa telomere ndipo mwinanso kumatulutsa kutalika, jini "limangotembenuzidwa" kapena "likufotokozedwa" monga ma genetic amati, mu maselo onga oyera maselo a magazi ndi maselo a kansa. Asayansi atsimikizira kuti ngati telomeraseyi ikanatha kutsegulidwa m'maselo ena (koma osati kuti kukula kwawo kudzapita ngati haywire monga maselo a khansa) malire athu a zaka angathe kufalikira.
Kafukufuku apeza kuti zinthu zina zomwe zimawoneka ngati kuthamanga kwa magazi zimakhudzana ndi ntchito zochepa za telomerase pamene zakudya zabwino ndi zolimbitsa thupi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma telomere aatali. Kukhala wonenepa kwambiri kumagwirizananso ndi tambala tating'ono ting'ono.
Zamoyo zamtundu wautali - Zamoyo zamtundu wautali ndizomwe zimayambitsa zamoyo zambiri. Jini ziwiri zomwe zimagwirizana ndi moyo wautali ndi SIRT1 (sirtruin 1) ndi SIRT2. Asayansi akuyang'ana gulu la anthu opitirira 800 azaka 100 kapena kuposerapo, adapeza zitatu zosiyana kwambiri mu majini okhudzana ndi ukalamba.
Senescence ya cell - Cell senescence imatanthawuza njira yomwe maselo amawonongeka pakapita nthawi. Izi zikhoza kugwirizana ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa telomeres, kapena njira ya apoptosis (kapena kudzipha kudzipha) momwe maselo akale kapena owonongeka amachotsedwa.
Maselo a tsinde - maselo a pulasitiki a Pluripotent ndi maselo atsopano omwe angathe kukhala mtundu uliwonse wa selo m'thupi. Iwo amavomerezedwa kuti ukalamba ukhoza kugwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa maselo a tsinde kapena kutaya kwa mphamvu za maselo amkati kuti azilekanitsa kapena okhwima mu maselo osiyanasiyana. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti chiphunzitsochi chimatanthawuza maselo akuluakulu, osati maselo ammadzi a emmimba. Mosiyana ndi maselo oyambira a embryonic, maselo akuluakulu sangathe kukula mu selo iliyonse koma m'malo mwa maselo angapo. Maselo ambiri m'matupi athu amasiyana, kapena okhwima, ndi maselo ofunika ndi maselo ang'onoang'ono omwe alipo m'thupi.
Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa minofu womwe umatha kubwezeretsedwa ndi njira iyi ndi chiwindi. Izi ndi zosiyana ndi minofu ya ubongo yomwe nthawi zambiri imasowa mphamvuyi. Panopa pali umboni wosonyeza kuti maselo otsekemera akhoza kuthandizidwa pa ukalamba, koma izi ndizofanana ndi nkhuku ndi dzira. Sitikudziwa kuti ukalamba umachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa maselo amkati, kapena, ngati mmalo mwake, kusintha kwa maselo otsika kumakhala chifukwa cha ukalamba.
Epigenetics - Epigenetics imatanthauzira maonekedwe a majini. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, jini ikhoza kukhalapo koma ikhoza kutsegulidwa kapena kutsekedwa. Tikudziwa kuti pali maginito ena m'thupi omwe amatsegulidwa kwa nthawi yokha. Munda wa epigenetics ukuthandizanso asayansi kumvetsa momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zingagwiritsire ntchito pa zovuta za majini kuti ziziteteze kapena zikhale zowonongeka ndi matenda.
Mfundo Zisanu Zachilengedwe Zambiri Zokhudza Kukalamba
Monga tanena kale, pali umboni wochuluka wokhudzana ndi kufunika kwa majini pakupulumuka kuyembekezera. Pamene tiyang'ana pa ziphunzitso za majini, izi zidasweka mu masukulu atatu oyambirira a ganizo.
- Nthano yoyamba imanena kuti ukalamba umagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa thupi komwe kumakhudza moyo wa nthawi yaitali komanso kuti kukalamba kumagwirizana ndi kusungunuka kwa kusintha kwa chibadwa chomwe sichinachitike.
- Chiphunzitso china ndi chakuti ukalamba umagwirizana ndi zotsatira za majeremusi ena, ndipo umatchedwa kuti antagonism (pleiotropic).
- Komabe, chiphunzitso china, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhudzana ndi kupulumuka ku opossums, ndi chakuti malo omwe amachititsa ngozi zochepa kuti asokoneze chiyembekezo cha moyo angapangitse kuwonjezeka kwa mamembala omwe asintha kusintha komwe kumachepetsa ukalamba.
Umboni Wochititsa Chiphunzitsochi
Pali njira zingapo zowonjezera zomwe zimathandizira chikhalidwe cha ukalamba, mbali imodzi.
Mwinamwake umboni wamphamvu kwambiri wochirikiza lingaliro la chibadwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopulumuka kwambiri, ndi mitundu ina (monga agulugufe) omwe ali ndi moyo waufupi kwambiri, ndi ena, monga njovu ndi nyulu, zomwe zikufanana ndi zathu. Mu mitundu imodzi yokha, kupulumuka kuli kofanana, koma kupulumuka kungakhale kosiyana pakati pa mitundu iwiri yomwe ili yofanana ndi kukula kwake.
Maphunziro a mapasa amaphatikizaponso chibadwa, monga mapasa ofanana (monozygotic mapasa) ali ofanana kwambiri mu nthawi ya moyo kusiyana ndi mapasa omwe sali ofanana kapena a dizygotic. Kuyesa mapasa ofanana omwe analeredwa palimodzi ndikusiyanitsa izi ndi mapasa ofanana omwe akulekanitsidwa akhoza kuthandizira kusiyanitsa makhalidwe monga zakudya ndi zizoloŵezi zina za moyo monga chifukwa cha miyoyo ya moyo wautali.
Umboni wina wochulukirapo wapezeka pakuwona zotsatira za kusintha kwa chibadwa mwa zinyama zina. Mu mphutsi zina komanso ming'oma, mtundu umodzi wa jenjeni umatha kupitirira ndi 50 peresenti.
Kuonjezera apo, tikupeza umboni wa njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiphunzitso cha chibadwa. Kuyeza molunjika kwa kutalika kwa telomere kwasonyeza kuti ma telomeres ali pachiopsezo ku ziwalo zomwe zimayambitsa msinkhu wa ukalamba.
Umboni Wotsutsana ndi Chibadwa Chachikhulupiriro Chokalamba
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zotsutsa motsutsana ndi chibadwa cha chibadwa cha ukalamba kapena "nthawi yopangidwa ndi dongosolo" zimachokera ku lingaliro la kusinthika. Nchifukwa chiyani padzakhala moyo wochulukirapo wopitirira kubereka? Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi "cholinga" chiti chomwe chimakhalapo moyo munthu atabereka ndi kukhala wamoyo nthawi yaitali yokweza ana awo kuti akhale achikulire?
Zimadziwikiranso kuchokera ku zomwe timadziwa zokhudza moyo ndi matenda omwe pali zinthu zambiri zakalamba. Amapasa amatha kukhala ndi moyo wosiyana kwambiri ndi moyo wawo malinga ndi momwe amaonekera, makhalidwe awo (monga kusuta) ndi zochitika za thupi.
Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri
Zikuoneka kuti majini angathe kufotokozera magawo 35 peresenti ya moyo, komabe palinso zambiri zomwe sitikumvetsa zokhudza ukalamba kuposa zomwe timadziwa. Zonsezi, zikutheka kuti kukalamba ndi njira yokwanira, kutanthauza kuti ndizophatikizapo ziphunzitso zingapo. N'kofunikanso kuzindikira kuti ziphunzitso zomwe takambirana pano sizingagwirizane. Lingaliro la epigenetics, kapena ngati geni lomwe liripo "likuwonetsedwa" lingathe kudodometsa kumvetsa kwathu.
Kuphatikiza pa majini, palinso zina zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kukalamba monga momwe timakhalira, kuwonetsetsa, komanso mwachangu. Sitikuwonongeka ngati achibale anu amafa, ndipo simunganyalanyaze thanzi lanu ngakhale achibale anu amakonda kukhala moyo wautali.
Kodi Mungatani Kuti Muchepetse "Kukalamba" kwa Maselo Anu?
Timaphunzitsidwa kudya zakudya zathanzi ndikukhala okhutira ndipo izi zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri ngakhale titakhala okalamba. Makhalidwe omwewo omwe amawoneka kuti akusunga ziwalo ndi ziphuphu za thupi lathu zathanzi zingathenso kusunga majini athu ndi ma chromosome kukhala ndi thanzi labwino.
Mosasamala kanthu za zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa ukalamba, zimatha kupanga kusiyana kwa:
- Zochita - Zofufuza zapeza kuti kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumangothandiza mtima wanu ndi mapapo kumayenda bwino, koma kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumawonjezera ma telomere.
- Kudya zakudya zabwino - Zakudya zowonjezera zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito yaikulu ya telomerase (makamaka, kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa telomeres m'maselo anu). Zakudya zam'madzi omega-3-fatty acids zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma telomeres aatali koma zakudya za omega-6-mafuta acids zimakhala zosiyana komanso zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi tambala tating'ono. Kuwonjezera apo, kudya kwa soda kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma telomere amfupi. Reservatrol, chomwe chimayambitsa chisangalalo chomwa vinyo wofiira (komanso chimapezeka mu madzi osamwa mowa) sichikuwoneka kuti chikhale ndi mapuloteni otalikitsa SIRT
- Pezani nkhawa
- Pewani tizirombo toyambitsa matenda
- Pitirizani kukhala ndi thanzi labwino - Osati kokha ndi kunenepa kwambiri komwe kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zowonongeka zomwe zimakhudzana ndi ukalamba watchulidwa pamwambapa (monga kuchepa kwa ma telomere), koma kafukufuku wobwereza wapeza ubwino wautali wokhudzana ndi caloric. Njira yoyamba mu moyo wothandizira matenda a khansa yopezedwa ndi American Institute for Research on Cancer-kukhala wotsamira mwakukhoza popanda kukhala wolemera kwambiri-ingathandize kukhala ndi moyo wautali komanso kupewa matenda a khansa komanso kupewa matenda a khansa.
Zotsatira:
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Kasper, Dennis, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, ndi J. Jameson. Mfundo za Harrison za Mankhwala a M'kati. New York: Maphunziro a McGraw-Hill, 2015. Print.
Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, Jon C. Aster, ndi James A. Perkins. Mabala a Robbins ndi Cotran Pathologic Mavuto a Matenda. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier / Saunders, 2015. Print.
Leung, C., Laraia, B., Needham, B. et al. Soda ndi Cell Kukalamba: Mgwirizano pakati pa Chakudya Chokoma Chakudya ndi Leukocyte Telomere Kutalika mu Odwala Aakulu Kuchokera ku Mafufuza a Nthenda ya Zaumoyo ndi Zakudya. Buku Lopatulika la Umoyo Wathanzi . 2014. 104 (12): 2425-31.
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