Zachidule za Viral Hepatitis
Tikamanena za chiwindi, timakonda kutchula mtundu wa matendawa. Mawu akuti hepatitis, mwakutanthauzira, ndikutentha kwa chiwindi chomwe chingayambitsidwe ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa thupi, kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ndi poizoni, mabakiteriya kapena matenda a parasitic, ndi matenda omwe amachititsa kuti thupi likhale ndi matenda.
Chilombo cha hepatitis ndi chofala kwambiri cha matenda a chiwindi m'thupi, chifukwa cha mavairasi osiyanasiyana osagwirizana, omwe amachitanso chimodzimodzi koma ali ndi makhalidwe awo onse.
Izi zimaphatikizapo:
- Mauthenga opatsirana (momwe kachilomboka kakufalikira)
- Pathogenesis (momwe matendawa amachitira)
- Symptomatology (chiani ndi pamene zizindikiro zimawonekera)
- Matenda (matenda) ndi imfa (imfa)
Pali mitundu isanu yowonjezera ya chiwindi cha chiwindi chotchedwa hepatitis-classified alphabetically kuchokera ku hepatitis A kupyolera mu E-yomwe imagawidwa padziko lonse kapena ku mbali zina za dziko. Mitundu ina iwiri (hepatitis F ndi GB) inayambanso kusokonezeka, ngakhale asayansi akutsutsanabe kuti alipo.
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Kodi Pali Njira Zosiyana Ziti Zomwe Mungagwiritsire Ntchito Hepatitis B?
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Matenda a Yuntha Angayambitsidwe ndi Chiwindi Chakumtunda B
Ngakhale pali ma ARV ena omwe angayambitse kutupa kwa chiwindi (kuphatikizapo matenda a Epstein Barr ndi ma ARV enaake), chiwindi cha hepatitis A kupyolera mu E ndi mitundu yomwe timatchulidwa kuti ndizo zimayambitsa matenda a chiwindi.
Chiwerengero cha matenda a hepatitis A kupyolera mu E chifukwa cha anthu pafupifupi 1.3 miliyoni pa chaka. Mwa izi, chiwindi cha hepatitis B ndi C chikuwonedwa kuti chiri pa mliri wa padziko lonse, ndi matenda ambiri ndi imfa chaka chilichonse kuposa HIV, chifuwa chachikulu, ndi malungo pamodzi.
Hepatitis A
Chiwindi cha hepatitis A chimayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka hepatitis A (HAV) ndipo kawirikawiri imafalikira mwa kukopa zakumwa zochokera kwa HAV kudzera mu madzi kapena kuwonongeka kwa zakudya kapena kuchokera kwa munthu ndi munthu ( kuphatikiza pa kugonana ).
Nsomba zapamadzi zophika pansi pano zimayambitsa matenda opatsirana.
Nthawi pakati pa matenda ndi maonekedwe amatha masabata awiri kapena asanu, ngakhale ambiri sakhala ndi zizindikiro. Ngati zizindikiro zikuwonekera, zimakhala ngati zatha masabata asanu ndi atatu, ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi zizindikiro monga:
- Nausea
- Kuthamanga
- Kutsekula m'mimba
- Fever
- Kupweteka m'mimba
- Kutopa kwambiri
- Khungu la khungu ndi maso ( jaundice )
- Kuda mdima wa mkodzo
- Zakale, zojambula zadongo
Palibe chithandizo chapadera cha matenda a chiwindi A omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zomwe angathe kudzisankhira okha. Kamodzi kachilomboka, munthu amakhalabe ndi moyo. Imfa imaonedwa kuti ndi yachilendo, ngakhale kuti okalamba ena amakhala ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha chiwindi chachikulu cha chiwindi (kawirikawiri omwe ali ndi matenda omwe amakhalapo kale).
Katemera wa HAV amapezeka kwambiri-amaperekedwa ndi jekeseni pa maphunziro awiri-omwe angateteze ku matenda kwa zaka 15 kapena kuposerapo.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B imayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka hepatitis B (HBV) ndipo imafalikira ndi magazi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena madzi a thupi kapena kuperekedwa kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana pamene ali ndi mimba.
Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kugonana ndi njira zambiri zomwe zimafalitsidwa.
Hepatitis B ikhoza kukhala ndi zizindikiro zovuta (kudziletsa) panthawi yoyamba ya matenda, ngakhale ena sangakhale ndi zizindikiro konse. Zizindikiro izi zoyambirira zimakhala zofanana ndi za hepatitis A ndipo zimapezeka masiku osachepera 30 mpaka 80.
Pomwe zizindikiro zovuta zithetsedwa, kachilombo ka HIV kangapitirire kwa zaka zambiri panthawi ya matenda osatha. Ndi nthawi yomwe kutupa kosalekeza kungachititse kusintha kwa chiwindi komwe kumangowononga pang'onopang'ono makonzedwe a liwalo palokha.
Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri adzakhalabe osakayika pamene ali ndi matenda aakulu, matendawa amatha kuyenda mwachinsinsi pazaka zambiri. Kuchuluka kwa chiwindi (fibrosis) kungapangitse pang'onopang'ono kumanga zaka 10 mpaka 20, ndipo pamapeto pake kumayambitsa matenda otchedwa chiwindi omwe chiwindi sichikhoza kugwira ntchito. Kulephera kwa chiwindi ndi khansa ya chiwindi ndi mavuto onse okhudzana ndi matenda opatsirana a HBV.
Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a hepatitis B adzasintha kachilombo ka HIV pokhapokha atatha kutenga kachilomboka, omwe ali ndi matenda akuluakulu angathe kuchiritsidwa kuti athe kuchepetsa chiwopsezo ndi khansa. Pakalipano, pali mankhwala asanu ndi awiri omwe amavomerezedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mu mankhwala a HBV. Ndipo ngakhale mankhwalawa sangathe kufotokozera kachilombo kayekha, akhoza kuthana ndi kupatsirana kwa tizilombo, motero kuchepetsa kutentha kwa chiwindi.
Katemera wa HBV ukupezeka - umene umaperekedwa ndi jekeseni pa maphunziro atatu - komanso katemera wothandizira omwe amatha kuteteza kachilombo A ndi B.
Chiwindi cha chiwindi C
Hepatitis C imayambitsa matenda a hepatitis C (HCV) ndipo imafalikira makamaka pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kutumiza kuchokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana pamene ali ndi mimba kumakhalanso kofala ngati kugonana kwa kachilombo ka HIV (makamaka pakati pa amuna kapena akazi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ).
M'madera ena ochepa kwambiri, chiwindi cha matenda a hepatitis C chimadwalitsidwa kudzera mu jekeseni wosagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso njira zamankhwala, komanso ngakhale zojambula zojambulajambula kapena ziboliboli kumene zipangizo zakhala zikuipitsidwa ndi magazi a abwenzi ena.
Monga hepatitis B, hepatitis C ikhoza kukhala ndi zizindikiro zoopsa panthawi yoyamba matenda, makamaka masabata asanu ndi limodzi mpaka asanu ndi atatu atatha kuwonekera. Ambiri amatha kufotokoza kachilomboka mwachangu m'masiku 60, nthawi zambiri popanda zizindikilo (kapena kuzindikira) za matenda.
Kwa iwo omwe sangafike poyera, pafupifupi 10 mpaka 15 peresenti idzapita ku chiwindi mkati mwa zaka 20 mpaka 30. Mwa awa, 20 mpaka 25 peresenti adzakhala ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha chiwindi (chomwe chiwindi sichingathe kugwira ntchito) kapena khansara ya chiwindi, zomwe zonsezi zimapereka chiopsezo choposa makumi asanu peresenti ya imfa.
Kuyamba kwa mankhwala atsopano opatsirana mwachindunji (DAAs) kwabweretsa zotsatira zabwino kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda opatsirana a HCV, ndipo mankhwala ena amadzikuza ndi mankhwala opitirira 95 peresenti (ngakhale omwe ali ndi chiwindi chachikulu).
Malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO), anthu pafupifupi 300 miliyoni ali ndi kachilombo ka HCV padziko lonse, ndipo amafa pafupifupi 700,000 a khansa ya chiwindi ndi chiwindi chaka chilichonse. Pakalipano palibe katemera woteteza matenda opatsirana ndi chiwindi.
Hepatitis D
Chiwindi cha Dermatitis D chimayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka hepatitis D (HDV) ndipo ikhoza kuyambitsa matenda ngati akupezeka ndi kachilombo ka hepatitis B (HBV). Njira yopatsirana ndi yofanana ndi HBV monga zizindikiro ndi matenda omwe, ngakhale kuti ndi oopsa kwambiri.
Ndipotu, munthu amene ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi HDV ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi chiwindi pa nthawi yovuta ya matenda, motsogoleredwa kwambiri ndi matenda a chiwindi pamene akudwala matenda aakulu. Mitengo ya khansa ya chiwindi imakula.
Chotsatira chake, kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a HBV / HDV amadziwika kuti ali ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cha kufa kwa mitundu yonse ya mavairasi. Pakalipano pali njira zochepetsera mankhwala zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi zothandiza pakuletsa kachilombo ka hepatitis D. Komabe, katemera wa HBV angateteze ku matenda a chiwindi a D popeza kachilombo kameneka kamadalira matenda a chiwindi cha B kutembenuza.
Ngakhale kuti chiwindi cha D chimawoneka kuti n'chosawerengeka ku US, chimadziwika kuti chimafalitsidwa ku West Africa, South America, Central America, Russia, Central Asia, Pacific Islands, ndi Mediterranean.
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E imayambitsidwa ndi matenda a hepatitis E (HEV) ndipo, monga hepatitis A, amatha kufalikira kudzera mumsewu wamakamwa . Nthawi zambiri pakati pa matenda ndi maonekedwe amatha masabata atatu kapena asanu, ngakhale ambiri sakhala ndi zizindikiro. Pamene zizindikiro zikuwoneka, zidzakhala zofanana ndi za chiwindi cha A chiwindi ndipo zimatha kwa masabata asanu ndi atatu.
Kuchokera ku zizindikiro kumayambitsa kulandira mavaira pafupifupi pafupifupi onse odwala. Pakati pa anthu ochepa omwe amapita ku matenda aakulu, nthawi zambiri matenda amakhala ochepa mwa omwe ali ndi ma chitetezo a chitetezo cha m'thupi (monga anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena ziwalo zina). Azimayi ali ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha chiwindi, makamaka pa nthawi yachitatu ya mimba.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a ribavirin akuwonetsedwa kuti athetse chiwopsezo cha tizilombo pafupifupi 65 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Mosiyana ndi matenda a hepatitis A, komabe palibe katemera wa chiwindi cha matenda a hepatitis E. Chifukwa chosowa kwambiri ku US, hepatitis E imapezeka makamaka ku Central Asia, ngakhale kuti ziphuphu zapezeka ku Central America, Africa ya kum'mwera kwa Sahara, ndi Middle East.
> Zotsatira:
> World Health Organization (WHO). "Kodi hepatitis ndi chiyani?" Geneva, Switzerland; Q & A yowonongeka mu July 2016.
> Zomwe Zingathetsere Kudwala ndi Kuteteza Matenda (CDC). "Chilombo cha Hepatitis" ku Atlanta, Georgia; August 14, 2016.
> Association of American for the Study of Chilwere Matenda (AASLD). "Kuyang'ana Mliri Woopsa Wadziko Lonse Ndiponso Wachigawo." Washington, DC; ndondomeko yofalitsa yomwe inatulutsidwa pa November 3, 2013.
> Association of American for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) ndi Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). "Malangizo a HCV: Malangizo a Kuyezetsa, Kusamalira, ndi Kuchiza Kutupa kwa Chiwindi C." Idasinthidwa pa July 6, 2016.