Mipata Yothandizira Yophatikizidwa mu Kuzindikira kwa Autism Spectrum
Munthu aliyense amene ali ndi autism amapeza matenda omwewo: autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Koma autism ndi matenda osokoneza bongo, kutanthauza kuti munthu akhoza kukhala wofatsa, wodalirika, kapena wolimba autistic. Zowonjezerapo, pamene aliyense ali ndi zizindikiro zina zofunikira, anthu ambiri ali ndi zizindikiro zoonjezera zomwe zimakhudzana ndi nzeru kapena vuto lachilankhulo.
Kuthandiza ogwira ntchito (ndi ena) kuti afotokoze bwino momwe amachitira ma autism, omwe amapanga buku lovomerezeka la matenda (DSM-5) analimbikitsa "njira zothandizira" zitatu. Madokotala akuyembekezeredwa kuti azindikire anthu omwe ali ndi autism pa msinkhu wa 1, mlingo wachiwiri, kapena msinkhu wachitatu. Magulu awa amasonyeza kuti anthu ali ndi mphamvu yolankhulirana, kusintha zochitika zatsopano, kupititsa patsogolo zopindulitsa, ndikusamalira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Anthu omwe ali pamtunda 1 amafunikira thandizo lochepa, pamene anthu omwe ali pamlingo wachitatu amafunikira thandizo lalikulu.
Ngakhale kuti lingaliro la ASD zothandizira limapanga lingaliro lomveka, sikophweka nthawizonse kwa odwala kuti apereke mlingo. Kuwonjezera apo, ntchito ya mazenera ikhoza kukhala yovomerezeka. Zimakhalanso zotheka kuti munthu asinthe miyeso yake patapita nthawi pamene luso lawo limakula bwino ndi zina (monga nkhawa) kuchepa.
Momwe Kugonjera kwa Autism Kusinthidwa ndi DSM-5
DSM ndi buku lovomerezeka la American Psychiatric Association lomwe limatanthauzira matenda a maganizo ndi chitukuko.
Ngakhale kuti palibe malamulo, DSM imakhudza kwambiri njira yomwe inshuwalansi, sukulu, ndi othandizira ena amaganizira ndikusamalira autism.
Mpaka chaka cha 2013, DSM inafotokozera kuti autism ndi matenda omwe anaphatikizapo matenda asanu. Matenda a Asperger, kwenikweni, amatanthauza "kuthamanga kwambiri kwa autism ," pamene matenda a autistic amatanthauza chinthu chofanana ndi " autism ". Anthu omwe ali ndi PDD-NOS anali ndi zina koma osati zizindikiro zonse za autism (koma zizindikiro zikhoza kukhala zofewa kapena zovuta).
Matenda a Rett ndi matenda a Fragile X, omwe sapezeka ndi matenda a majini, amanenedwa kuti ndi mbali ya autism spectrum.
Kenako, mu May 2013, DSM-5 inafalitsidwa. DSM-5, mosiyana ndi DSM-IV, imatchula kuti autism ngati "matenda osokoneza bongo," omwe amasonyeza zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi chilankhulo , chikhalidwe , kusinthasintha, komanso kukhudzidwa mtima Aliyense amene adapezeka kuti ali ndi vuto limodzi za matendawa anali "atabadwa" m'thupi latsopano la autism spectrum disorder. Chidziwitso chatsopano, chisokonezo choyankhulana , chinakhazikitsidwa kuti chigawitse anthu okhala ndi zizindikiro zooneka ngati autism.
Mipando itatu Yothandizira (ASD Mipata 1, 2, ndi 3)
Vuto la autism ndi losangalatsa kwambiri ndipo likusiyana. Anthu ena okhala ndi autism ndi opambana pamene ena ali olumala mwauzimu. Ena ali ndi mavuto aakulu olankhulana pamene ena ndi olemba ndi oyankhula pagulu.
Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, njira za matenda a DSM-5 zimaphatikizapo "magawo atatu ogwira ntchito," omwe aliwonse omwe akufotokozedwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa "chithandizo" munthu ayenera kuti azigwira ntchito m'dera lonse. Pogwiritsa ntchito autism spectrum diagnosis ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito, mwina mwachindunji, ziyenera kukhala zotheka kufotokoza chithunzi cha luso ndi zosowa za munthu.
Nazi izi zitatu, monga momwe tafotokozera mu DSM:
ASD Mzere 3: "Kufuna Kuthandizira Kwambiri Kwambiri"
Kulephera kwakukulu kumalankhula ndi maluso osankhulirana ndi anthu amtunduwu kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu pa ntchito, kuchepetsa kugwirizana kwa anthu, komanso kuchepa kwa anthu ena. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene ali ndi mawu ochepa olankhula bwino omwe sagwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera, ndipo akachita, amapanga njira zodabwitsa zokwaniritsa zosowa zokhazokha komanso amayankha njira zokhazokha zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Kusasintha kwa khalidwe, kuvutika kovuta kuthana ndi kusintha, kapena makhalidwe ena oletsedwa / obwerezabwereza amalepheretsa kugwira ntchito m'mbali zonse.
Kuvutika kwakukulu / zovuta kusintha maganizo kapena zochita.
Ndalama ya ASD 2: "Kufuna Kuthandizidwa Kwambiri"
Kuwonongeka kotchulidwa mu luso lolankhulana ndi anthu; Kusokonezeka kwaumphawi kumaonekera ngakhale ndi zothandizira m'malo; Kukhazikitsidwa koyambitsana pakati pa anthu; ndi kuchepetsedwa kapena kusamvetsetseka mayankho ku zochitika za anthu ena. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene amalankhula mamasulidwe osavuta, omwe kuyanjana kwake kumangopindulitsa kwambiri, komanso amene ali ndi malingaliro osamvetsetseka .
Kulephera kwa khalidwe, kuvutika kulimbana ndi kusintha, kapena makhalidwe ena oletsedwa / obwerezabwereza amawonekera kawiri kawirikawiri kuti awonekere kwa munthu wongowonongeka ndipo amalepheretsa kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Mavuto ndi / kapena zovuta kusintha maganizo kapena zochita.
Mtsinje wa ASD 1: "Kufuna Thandizo"
Popanda zothandizira m'malo, kuchepa kwa chilankhulo cha anthu kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu. Kuvuta kuyambitsa kuyanjana kwa anthu ndi zitsanzo zabwino za mayankho okhudzidwa kapena osapindulitsa ku zochitika za anthu ena. Zikuwoneka kuti zachepetsa chiwongoladzanja m'mabwenzi a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu yemwe amatha kuyankhula m'ziganizo zonse ndikuyamba kuyankhulana koma omwe amalankhulana ndi ena amalephereka, ndipo omwe amayesa kupanga mabwenzi ndi osamvetseka ndipo samapindula.
Kusamvetseka kwa khalidwe kumayambitsa kusokoneza kwakukulu ndi kugwira ntchito chimodzi kapena zambiri. Kusintha kwavuta pakati pa ntchito. Mavuto a kukonza ndi kukonza amalepheretsa ufulu.
Kodi N'chiyani Chikusowa Mmasamba A ASD a Thandizo?
Monga momwe mwadziwira kale, magulu atatu a autism amauza mafunso ambiri pamene akuyankha. Mwachitsanzo:
- Kodi ndi "chithandizo" chotani chimene American Psychiatric Association chinakumbukira pamene chinayambitsa izi? Wothandizira? Wothandizira? Wothandizira wa 1: 1? Wophunzitsa ntchito? Mphunzitsi waluso?
- Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe anthu a m'mipingo yosiyanasiyana amafunikira "chithandizo?" Anthu ena omwe ali ndi autism amachita zabwino kunyumba koma amafunika kuthandizidwa kusukulu (kumene zofuna ndizochonderera). Anthu ena omwe ali ndi autism amachitira bwino kusukulu koma amafunika kuthandizidwa pazokhazikitseni ndi ntchito.
- Anthu ena omwe ali ndi autism adalandira thandizo lokwanira kuti liwoneke ngati likugwirizana ndi munthu wina wamkulu koma ali ndi nkhani zofunika pamene akuyanjana ndi anzanu. Kodi ndi thandizo lanji limene angafunike?
- Kodi miyezo ya chithandizo imabwereranso, mwa njira iliyonse, kuzinthu zoperekedwa? (Yankho, mpaka pano, likuwoneka kuti "nthawi zina.")
- Nkhawa ndi khalidwe lodziwika bwino pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zogwirira ntchito, ndipo izi zingayambitse mavuto aakulu kwambiri. Ngati munthu ali wonyezimira, womveka bwino, komanso wophunzira, koma wodandaula komanso wopanikizika, ndipo motero amafunikira thandizo lalikulu kuti agwire ntchito kapena sukulu-kodi amapezeka pati pachithunzichi?
Ngati mumadzimva kuti mumakhala osokonezeka pazochitika zatsopano komanso kumene inu kapena mwana wanu mukuyenerera, simungakhale nokha. Pambuyo pake, APA ndi mabungwe autism adzakhala akusonkhanitsa uthenga kwa odokotala, inshuwalansi, makolo, ndi ovomerezeka autistic kuti adziwe ngati dongosolo latsopano likugwira ntchito ndi momwe. Pali mwayi waukulu kuti DSM-5.1 ikuphatikizanso kusintha kwa machitidwe ogwira ntchito monga momwe zimakhalira.
> Zotsatira:
> Buku Lophatikiza ndi Kuwerenga kwa Mavuto a Mitsempha: DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013. Print.
> King BH, Navot N, Bernier R, Webb SJ. Sinthani pa kafukufuku wa autism. Panopa akuganiza m'maganizo . 2014; 27 (2): 105-109. lembani: 10.1097 / YCO.0000000000000040.
> Weitlauf AS, Gotham KO, Adi AC, Warren ZE. Ndemanga Yachidule: DSM-5 "Mipingo Yothandizira:" Ndemanga pa Zolingalira Zowonongeka za Zovuta mu ASD. Journal of autism ndi mavuto a chitukuko . 2014; 44 (2): 471-476. onetsani: 10.1007 / s10803-013-1882-z.