Zizindikiro za Mwana Wanu Zimakhala Zovuta Kwa Autism
Kusokonezeka kwa Kulankhulana kwa Anthu Ndizo "matenda" atsopano, atapangidwa pamene DSM-5 (matenda opatsirana) inalembedwanso mu 2013. Matendawa akuphatikizapo zina koma osati zizindikiro zonse za Autism Spectrum Disorder , kupanga "lite" kapena " wofatsa "wa autism.
Ngati mwakhala mukudziŵa za autism kwa nthawi iliyonse, lingaliro la "kuopsa" lingaliro la autism lingamveke bwino kwambiri.
Ndipotu, Chisokonezo cha Social Communication chimakhala chofanana kwambiri ndi matenda awiri omwe anachotsedwa ku Diagnostic Manual (DSM) mu 2013. Matenda awiriwa tsopano anali Asperger syndrome ndi PDD-NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorder Sindidziwika) .
Mwachidule, pamene Asperger syndrome ndi PDD-NOS achotsedwa ku Buku Lophatikizapo, Chisokonezo cha Kulankhulana kwa Social Social chinalengedwa kuti chilowe m'malo awo.
Zolinga Zowonongeka kwa Matenda a Kulankhulana kwa Anthu
Zotsatira izi kuchokera mu DSM-5 za 2013 zikufotokoza zizindikiro za SCD:
A. Zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwachinsinsi kwa kulankhulana mawu ndi osalankhula monga momwe akuwonetseredwa ndi zotsatirazi:
1. Zolakolako pogwiritsa ntchito kuyankhulana kwa zolinga za anthu, monga kulankhulana ndi kugawana chidziwitso, mwanjira yoyenera ya chikhalidwe.
2. Kuwonongeka kwa kutha kusintha kuyankhulana kumasewero kapena zosowa za omvera, monga kuyankhula mosiyana mu kalasi kusiyana ndi malo ochitira masewera, kulankhula mosiyana ndi mwana kusiyana ndi wamkulu, komanso kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulidwe choposa.
3. Mafilimu amatsatira malamulo oyankhulana ndi kufotokozera nkhani, monga kutembenuka pazokambirana, kubwereza kachiwiri pamene sakumvetsetsa, ndikudziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zizindikiro zamalankhula ndi zosalongosola kuti azigwirizana.
4. Mafilimu amamvetsetsa zomwe sizikunenedwa momveka bwino (mwachitsanzo, kupanga zolembera) ndi matanthauzo osalongosoka a chinenero (mwachitsanzo, malemba, kuseketsa, kufotokozera, kutanthauzira kwambiri komwe kumadalira malemba).
B. Zoperewera zimabweretsa zolepheretsa kugwira ntchito poyankhulana bwino, kukhazikika pakati pa anthu, chiyanjano, chidziwitso cha maphunziro, kapena ntchito zapantchito, payekha kapena kuphatikiza.
C. Kuyamba kwa zizindikirozo ndikumayambiriro koyambirira (koma zowonongeka sizingayambe zisonyezedwa mpaka kuyankhulana pakati pa chiyanjano kumapitirira malire ochepa).
D. Zizindikiro sizingagwirizane ndi matenda ena kapena zamaganizo kapena zochepa m'magulu a mawonekedwe a mawu ndi galamala, ndipo sizikufotokozedwa bwino ndi matenda a autism spectrum, kulemala kwaumunthu (matenda a chitukuko cha nzeru), kuchedwa kwachitukuko cha dziko lonse, kapena china matenda a maganizo.
Kodi Chisokonezo cha Kulankhulana Pakati pa Anthu (SCD) Ndi Mosiyana ndi Autism?
Pano, molingana ndi DSM-5, momwe chisamaliro cha Social Communications Disorder chimasiyana ndi autism: "Matenda awiriwa akhoza kusiyana ndi kukhalapo kwa vutolo la autism spectrum ya zoletsedwa / zobwerezabwereza kachitidwe kachitidwe , zofuna, pragmatic) matenda oyankhulana. "
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ana omwe ali ndi autism amakhala ndi mavuto oyankhulana ndi anzawo komanso kubwerezabwereza, pamene ana omwe ali ndi vuto loyankhulana ndi anthu amakhala ndi mavuto okhaokha oyankhulana nawo.
Malinga ndi nkhani ya Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, ambiri mwazovuta zokhudzana ndi chilankhulochi ndi zovuta pazoyankhula za pragmatics (ntchito yoyenera yolankhulana):
SCD imatanthauzidwa ndi kuchepa kwakukulu pazochita zogwiritsira ntchito mauthenga osalankhula ndi olankhula ... Anthu omwe ali ndi SCD angakhale ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulidwe cha zolinga za anthu, kulumikizana molingana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, kutsatira malamulo a nkhani yolankhulana (mwachitsanzo, , kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo kwa zokambirana), kumvetsetsa chilankhulo chosawerengeka (mwachitsanzo, nthabwala, ziganizo, ziganizo), ndi kuphatikiza chinenero ndi makhalidwe osalankhulidwa.
Koma ndithudi sizingatheke kukhala ndi mavuto pogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo ngati muli aang'ono kwambiri kuti musagwiritse ntchito chinenero choyankhula kapena osalankhula. Choncho, anthu omwe ali ndi SCD ayenera kukhala omveka bwino komanso omveka bwino, ndipo ayenera kupezeka akafika kale kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero cholankhulidwa:
Maluso oyenerera a chiyankhulo ayenera kupangidwa asanayambe kuwonongeka kwapamwamba kwambiri, kotero kuti matenda a SCD sayenera kupangidwa mpaka ana ali ndi zaka 4-5. Matenda oyankhulana ndi anthu amtundu wina angathe kuthandizana ndi mavuto ena oyankhulana a DSM-5 (awa akuphatikizapo vuto lachilankhulo, vuto lakumva mawu, ubongo wa mwana, komanso vuto losankhulirana), koma silingathe kupezeka pamaso pa matenda a autism spectrum ( ASD).
Chifukwa Chiyani Kulankhulana Kwachikhalidwe N'kovuta Kulekanitsa ku Autism
Ngakhale ziyenera, mwachidule, kukhala zosavuta kusiyanitsa autism ku SCD, ndizovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chakuti khalidwe lobwerezabwereza sayenera kupezeka kuti matenda a autism aperekedwe . Ndipotu, ngati zizolowezi zobwerezabwereza zakhala zikupezekapo, ngakhale zaka 10 zapitazo, ndipo zakhala zitatha kale, mukhoza kupezeka ndi autism . Momwemonso mzere uwu wosamvetsetseka ukufotokozedwa mu DSM:
Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a autism angayese kusonyeza makhalidwe omwe amalembedwa / obwerezabwereza, makhalidwe, ndi ntchito pa nthawi yoyambirira, choncho mbiri yakale iyenera kupezeka. Kusapezeka kwa zizindikiro masiku ano sikungalepheretse kugonana kwa autism spectrum matenda, ngati zofuna zopanda malire ndi khalidwe lobwerezabwereza zinalipo kale. Kuzindikira kwa matenda a chikhalidwe cha anthu (pragmatic) matenda ayenera kuganiziridwa kokha ngati mbiri ya chitukuko ikulephera kulemba umboni uliwonse wa zoletsedwa / zobwerezabwereza kachitidwe, zofuna, kapena ntchito.
Choncho, mwachindunji, munthu aliyense yemwe kale anali ndi makhalidwe obwerezabwereza mobwerezabwereza ndipo tsopano ali ndi vuto lakulankhulana lachidziwitso akhoza kupezedwa ngati autistic. Choncho ndizo (zowonjezereka) zosatheka kupita patsogolo kuchokera ku matenda a autism kupita ku matenda a SCD. Kuwonjezera apo, matenda a SCD angaperekedwe pokhapokha ngati dokotala wafufuza mbiri ya khalidwe la mwanayo mozama.
Mawu ochokera
Makolo angakhumudwe ngati mwana wawo atalandira matenda a autism m'malo mozindikira za SCD, makamaka ngati mwana wawo akuchita bwino m'malo osiyana nawo. Iwo angasankhe kuti asamawerenge makhalidwe akale a autism-omwe mwana wawo "amachoka," kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi matenda a autism. Koma ndizotheka kuti autism matenda angathandize mwana wanu m'njira zambiri kuposa momwe mungayembekezere. Munthu yemwe ali ndi "kokha" Matenda Oyankhulana ndi Anthu Amtunduwu sangalandire mlingo womwewo wautumiki monga munthu yemwe ali ndi zizindikiro zomwezo ndi Autism Spectrum matenda. Choncho ngakhale mwana wanu atakhala kale kapena ataphunzira kusamalira zizindikiro za autistic , zingakhale zofunikira kuti mufotokoze zizindikiro zakale kuti muthandize mwana wanu kuti ayenere kupeza chithandizo chomwe chimapereka chithandizo komanso thandizo
> Zotsatira:
> American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Buku lachidziwitso ndi zowerengera za matenda a maganizo (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
> Gibson, J., Adams, C. C., Lockton, E. ndi Green, J. (2013), Kusokoneza maganizo pakati pa anthu kunja kwa autism? Njira yothetsera vuto lofotokozera chilembo cha pragmatic, kupambana kwa autism ndi kuwonongeka kwa chinenero. J Child Psychol Psychiatr, 54: 1186-1197.
> Swineford, Lauren et al. Matenda auzimu (pragmatic): kuunika kafukufuku wa gulu latsopano la DSM-5. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2014 6:41