Ngakhale pamene anthu autistic amagwiritsa ntchito chinenero, nthawi zambiri amalankhulana
Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi autism (ngakhale sali onse) amatha kulankhula. Ndipotu, anthu ena okhala ndi autism amalankhula zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, anthu omwe ali ndi autism amayankhula mosiyana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo . Zina mwa zosiyanazi zikugwirizana ndi kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni chinenero. Zina zimagwirizana ndi "mawu a thupi" osalankhulidwa ndi ena.
Zina zimakhala zenizeni za kumvetsetsa ndi kuyankha ku ziyembekezo za chikhalidwe.
Kodi Kulimbitsa Mawu N'kutani?
Bungwe la American Speech-Language Hearing Association (ASHA) limafotokoza chilankhulo cha pragmatic monga chokhala ndi zigawo zitatu:
Kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero kwa zolinga zosiyanasiyana, monga
- moni (mwachitsanzo, hello, chabwino)
- kudziwitsa (mwachitsanzo, ine ndikuti ndipeze cookie)
- zovuta (mwachitsanzo, Ndipatseni cokokie)
- ndikulonjeza (mwachitsanzo, ine ndikukuitanitsani)
- ndikupempha (mwachitsanzo, ndikufuna coko, chonde)
Kusintha chinenero molingana ndi zosowa za womvera kapena zochitika, monga
- kulankhula mosiyana ndi mwana kusiyana ndi wamkulu
- kupereka chidziwitso kumbuyo kwa womvera wosadziwika
- kulankhula mosiyana mu kalasi kusiyana ndi malo ochitira masewera
Kutsata malamulo a zokambirana ndi kufotokoza nkhani, monga
- Kusinthasintha pa kukambirana
- ndikuyambitsa nkhani zokambirana
- kukhala pa mutu
- momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zizindikiro zomveka ndi zosaoneka
- momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito maonekedwe ndi maso
Inde, malamulo a kulankhula ndi kulankhulana amasiyanasiyana kuchokera kumidzi mpaka kumudzi ndipo akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu wina. Koma kuthekera kusamala, kumvetsetsa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulowa (ndikupanga kusintha koyenera kumagulu osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe cha anthu) ndicho chinsinsi cha kulankhula ndi kuyankhulana kwachipongwe.
Momwe Autism Imakhudzira Pragmatic Speech
Kwa anthu okhala ndi autism, kulankhula kwa pragmatic nthawi zonse kumakhala vuto pamlingo winawake. Mwachiwonekere, munthu wosalankhula akulimbana ndi mavuto osiyana kwambiri ndi munthu wamba, koma onse awiri amafunikira kuthandizidwa kuti amvetse nkhope, osanena mawu, kutenga, ndi zina zotero. Ngakhale kuti mawu ovomerezeka a autistic amasiyana munthu ndi munthu, anthu omwe ali ndi autism anga:
- khalani okweza kapena ocheperapo kusiyana ndi mwachikhalidwe
- lankhulani ndi mawu ogontha kapena agwiritse ntchito malingaliro osiyana kuposa nthawi zonse
- bweretsani zolemba zonse za ma TV, mavidiyo, kapena mafilimu
- lankhulani za zomwe zikuwoneka kuti ndi nkhani yopanda mutu
- ayambe kukambirana ndi zokambirana za nkhani yokhayokha
- kunena zinthu zomwezo mobwerezabwereza (mwina kumangotchula mfundo zofanana mobwerezabwereza, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mawu omwewo mobwerezabwereza; mwachitsanzo, kunena kuti "izo ndi zabwino" poyankha mawu onse)
- funsani mafunso kapena kudzipereka zokhudzana ndi nkhani zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati zovuta kapena mwachangu (mwachitsanzo "Kodi mumakwiya kwambiri chifukwa cha kusudzulana kwanu posachedwa?" kapena "Ndinapita kwa dokotala dzulo ndipo ndikuyenera kupereka chitsanzo cha mkodzo.")
- lowetsani zokambirana pamene sanaitanidwe, ndi / kapena kusiya makambirano isanachitike kuti zokambiranazo zatha
- Zimakhala zovuta kuzindikira kuvomereza, nthabwala, mawu ndi mawu monga "mphika wotchedwa kettle wakuda" pokhapokha atafotokozedwa
- gwiritsani ntchito chilankhulo chomwe chikuwoneka chosayenera ku zochitika (zosalongosoka, zosayenerera, kuyesa kuseketsa panthawi yovuta kapena kuyesa kukhala wovuta kwambiri)
- Funsani mafunso mwachidule kuti mufotokoze malingaliro awo kapena malingaliro awo (mwachitsanzo "Kodi mumakonda ma telescopes? Ndimakonda makanema telescopes, ndiri nawo atatu, mmodzi wa iwo ndi Celestron ..."
- kunena zoona, popanda kudziwa ngati kulengeza zoona kudzakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa ("inde, kavalidwe kameneko kamakuchititsa kuti uwoneke mafuta")
- kulephera kapena kukana kukhala ndi mtundu wa nkhani yaing'ono yomwe nthawi zambiri imayendetsa bwino pakati pa anzako atsopano kapena m'mavuto (nyengo ya nyengo)
Momwe Odwala Amathandizira
Onse opanga mauthenga komanso odziwa bwino ntchito zachipatala amagwira ntchito ndi ana komanso anthu akuluakulu kuti athetse kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa mawu. Banja ndi abwenzi angathandizenso mwa kuphunzitsa mwakhama, kutengera chitsanzo, ndi kuwonetsa masewero oyenera oyankhula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero. Mosiyana ndi njira zina zothandizira, kulankhula ndi njira zamankhwala zothandizira amatha kusintha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa ana ndi akulu.
Zowonjezereka mu luso la kulankhula la pragmatic lingapangitse kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mayankho a ena kwa anthu omwe ali ndi ASD. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti, n'kotheka "kupitiliza" ana a autistic, makamaka, mpaka momwe chinenero chawo chikugwiritsira ntchito molondola koma pamtundu "kuchoka". Wachilendo koma woona, mwana ali ndi autism yemwe amagwirana chanza ndi munthu wamkulu, amamuyang'ana m'maso , ndipo akuti "Ndizosangalatsa kukumana nanu" ndikuchita, osati ngati mwana, koma monga bwenzi la bizinesi!
Zotsatira:
> Adams, C. (2015). Kuwunika ndi kuthandizira ana omwe ali ndi vuto la chilankhulo cha pragmatic. Ku DA Hwa-Froelich (Mkonzi), Kukulankhulana kwabwino kwa anthu ndi mavuto (pp. 141-170). New York: Psychology Press.
> Chilankhulo cha American-Language-Hearing Association. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinenero Zogwiritsa Ntchito (Zosokoneza). 2017.
> Brukner-Wertman, Yael et al. Matenda a chikhalidwe (pragmatic) ndi maubwenzi ake ndi autism spectrum: mavuto omwe amachokera ku DSM-5. Journal of Autism ndi Developmental Disorder. August 2016, Voliyumu 46, Chigawo 8, tsamba 2821-2829.