Ochita kafukufuku amachotsa chotupitsa chomera chomwe "chili bwino kuposa AZT"
Kuyambira m'masiku oyambirira a mliri wa HIV, asayansi ayang'ana momwe ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera zimagwiritsira ntchito ma ARV . Ambiri mwa maphunziro oyambirira anagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka kuti ali ndi mphamvu zowononga kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi koma amakhala otetezeka (kapena osakhala otetezeka) kwa anthu.
Masiku ano, ambiri mwa ofesi iyi ya sayansi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito timapepala tomwe timapanga kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Zina mwazigawozi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mibadwo ya chikhalidwe kuti azichiza matenda osiyanasiyana ndi matenda.
Ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa maphunzirowa sanachite bwino, gulu la akatswiri ochokera ku yunivesite ya Illinois ku Chicago linanena kuti lapeza chomera, chotchedwa Justicia gendarussa, chomwe chingalepheretse HIV, m'mawu awo, "mochuluka kuposa AZT . " Ndipatsimikizidwe molimba mtima kuti mankhwala a AZT (omwe amadziwikanso kuti Retrovir ndi zidovudine) adakhala kale mwala wapangodya wa HIV.
Koma kodi izi zikumveka bwino, ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, kodi amamasulira ku "mankhwala" atsopano a chithandizo cha kachilombo ka HIV?
Zakale Zakale za Zomera Zowonjezera mu Kafukufuku Wachiyambi wa HIV
Pamene kachilombo ka HIV kanapezeka koyamba , anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV anali ndi zochepa zochizira. Ndipotu, panalibe mpaka March 1987-patatha zaka zisanu zodziwika kuti kachilombo koyambitsa kachilombo ka HIV kazindikiritsidwa-kuti AZT idatsimikiziridwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza HIV.
Mwamwayi, monga mankhwala oyambirira ndi okhawo, sizinagwire bwino ntchito zonsezi, ndipo anthu ayenera kuyembekezera zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kuti mankhwala achiwiri asanatuluke, lamivudine (3TC), adzalandiridwa mu 1995.
Pawindo la zaka 13, anthu ambiri ndi magulu otsatsa osagwiritsidwa ntchito adatembenukira kuchipatala kuti akwaniritse chithandizo cha AZT kapena kuchiza HIV yekha popanda kuwopsa.
Zina mwa zoyambirira zophunzira zomwe zimaphunziridwa pa zomera zimayang'ana pa mankhwalawa, poganiza kuti akhoza "kulimbitsa" chitetezo cha munthu, kuteteza matenda opatsirana , kapena kupha kachilombo ka HIV.
Izi zinaphatikizapo maphunziro okhudza laetrile , omwe amati ndi mankhwala a khansa omwe amachokera ku maenje a apricot, ndi vwende yakuda ya Asia ( Momordica charantia ), imene asayansi ena adanena kuti akhoza kubwezeretsa chitetezo cha mthupi pamene akulimbana ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana.
Ngakhale ziyembekezo zambiri zidakanikizidwa pa izi ndi machiritso ena achilengedwe, palibe amene anawonetsa phindu lenileni ndipo anali "akuwombera mumdima" chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa anthu pofuna kupeza chithandizo, mankhwala alionse omwe angagwire ntchito.
Kuchokera kwa Mankhwala Odwala kupita ku Kliniki Kafukufuku
Pofika m'chaka cha 1996, ngakhale mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri adamasulidwa ndipo mankhwala ophatikizana adayamba kubwezeretsa kufa kwa AIDS, adakhalabe ambiri m'mabungwe ofufuza zofuna kupeza njira zachilengedwe kwa mankhwala ena omwe amapezeka poizoni (monga stavudine ndi didanosine). amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kachilombo ka HIV.
Zambiri mwazimenezi zimaganizira za zomera zosiyanasiyana ndi zitsamba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'miyambo ya anthu, kufufuzira za chitetezo chawo komanso ntchito zawo zowonjezera.
Kawirikawiri, zotsatira zakhala zochepa.
Kuwonanso kwa mankhwala amtundu wa China kunatsimikizira kuti palibe njira yodziwika bwino yotengera kachilombo ka HIV (monga jingyuankang ndi xiaomi) yomwe inakhudza chiwerengero cha CD4 kapena chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (ngakhale kuti ena adapereka chithandizo cha matenda ochepetsetsa oterowo ngati otupa pamlomo ndi kutsekula m'mimba).
Kafukufuku omwewo adafufuzanso kugwiritsa ntchito mbatata ya ku Africa ( hypoxis hemerocallidea ) ndi chomera cha mankhwala chotchedwa Sutherlandia frutescens, zomwe zonsezi zinavomerezedwa ndi boma la South Africa kuti lizitha kuchiza HIV. Zomwe mankhwalawa sanagwire, amasonyeza kuti akutsutsana ndi mankhwala omwe amachititsa matenda okhudzana ndi HIV monga chifuwa chachikulu.
Ngakhale zikanakhala zosavuta kuchotsa mankhwalawa ngati "mankhwala owerengeka" (kapena ngakhale chithandizo cha sayansi), zovuta pa kafukufuku wotsalira, zotsutsana, sizinali zochepa kuposa zomwe zimawoneka mu kafukufuku wa katemera wa HIV zomwe mabiliyoni akhala akugwiritsa ntchito palibe wothandizidwa kuti akhale ndi chibwenzi .
Kubwereranso Kuganizira Njira Yothandizira
Munda wa kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kachilombo ka HIV wasintha kwambiri ndi kupeza kwa zida zankhaninkhani zomwe zinalibe ngakhale zaka 20 zapitazo. Masiku ano, timamvetsetsa kwambiri za makina omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV-momwe zimakhalira, momwe zimakhudzidwira-ndipo zimatha kudziwa bwino zomwe tikufunikira kuti zisawonongeke kuti tipewe kachilombo koyipa.
Ndi njira yomweyi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala opatsirana pogonana omwe mankhwala amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda . Popanda kutero, kachilombo ka HIV sichitha kufalitsa ndi kulandira maselo ena. Pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo - omwe ali ndi mphamvu zotsekemera mapuloteni osiyanasiyana-timatha kuteteza kachilomboko kuti tizitetezedwa.
Zaka zaposachedwapa, zolemba zambiri zamasamba zatha kubwereza ndondomekoyi, osachepera mu chubu. Zina mwa izo ndi Cistus incanus (pinki rock rose) ndi Pelargonium sidoides (South African geranium), zonse zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zimateteza HIV kuti isagwirizane ndi selo.
Zonsezi zingamveke bwino-kugwiritsira ntchito geranium kuti zithetse HIV-ndizo chitsanzo chomwe chiri kale ndi lingaliro lachidziwitso mu matenda a malungo.
Kupatsirana kwa Malungo Kupatsirana kwa Malungo Kupereka Umboni-pa-Concept kwa HIV
Zambiri zowonjezera kafukufuku wamakono zimagwirizana ndi vuto la malungo omwe adapeza yemwe adapezapo, wasayansi wa ku China Tu YouYou, Nobel Prize mu Medicine mu 2015.
Kupeza kumeneku kunachokera pa kafukufuku wa zomera wotchedwa Artemesia annua (chokoma chowawa) chomwe chagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala a Chitchaina kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 11. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, Inu Inu ndi anzake munayamba kufufuza zotsatira za zomera (zomwe zimatchedwa qinghao) m'matenda a malungo.
M'zaka zotsatira, asayansi adatha kupititsa pang'onopang'ono kachidutswa kameneka ku kampani yotchedwa artemisinin imene lero ndi njira yabwino yosamaliramo ikamagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizapo mankhwala. Artemisinin sichinawonetsedwe kokha kuti iwononge 96 peresenti ya mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a malaria , yatsimikiziridwa kuti ikupulumutsa miyanda miyoyo ya anthu omwe mwina sakanatha kutaya matendawa.
Kuchulukitsa Mankhwala Kumatsimikizira Kuti "Ndikosavuta Kuposa AZT"
Pogwiritsa ntchito luso lopangidwa ndi artistiminin, gulu la asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Illinois ku Chicago, Hong Kong Baptist University, ndi Vietnam Academy of Science ndi Technology linayambitsa ntchito yogwirira ntchito polemba zowonjezera zoposa 4,500 zazitsamba, poyesa kuthana ndi HIV, chifuwa chachikulu, malungo, ndi khansa.
Otsatilawa , chotsitsa chochokera ku Justicia gendarussa (Willow-leaf justicia) chinkaonedwa ngati chodalira kwambiri. Kuyeretsedwa kwa chotsitsacho kunachititsa kuti kudzipatula kukhala kampani yotchedwa patentiflorin A yomwe, mu ma test tubes, inatha kuletsa ma enzyme (reverse transcriptase) monga AZT.
Ndipotu, malinga ndi kafukufukuyo, idatha kusintha pachitidwe cha AZT m'njira zingapo:
- Patentiflorin A imawoneka bwino kwambiri popewera kubwereza mmbuyo mwa mankhwala osagonjetsa HIV. AZT, poyerekeza, imakhala ndi mbiri yochepa, yomwe imatanthawuza kuti ngakhale zina zomwe zimawoneka kusintha kwa HIV zingapangitse mankhwalawo kukhala opanda pake. Choncho, patentiflorin A ikhoza kukhala ndi mbiri yabwino yotsutsa
- Patentiflorin A nayenso anachitanso chimodzimodzi m'ma macrophages , maselo oyera a magazi omwe amateteza monga mzere woyamba. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa macrophage ndi maselo omwe amamanga ndi kutenga mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi kumalo osungira thupi. Ndi HIV, izi sizichitika. Mmalo mwake, kachilomboka "kamatembenuza matebulo" ndipo imayambitsa maselo (otchedwa T cells lymphocytes ) omwe amatanthawuza kuthandizira kuwonongedwa kwawo. Zimatanthawuza kuti poletsa kachilombo ka HIV m'matenda oyambirira-komanso mu macrophages-akhoza kuthetsa matenda onse.
Izi ndizo momwe zimawerengera mu chubu.
Zopinga Zofunika Kwambiri
Ngakhale palibe kukayika kuti patentiflorin A ndi yofunika, ndipo ngakhale yodalirika, woyenera kuti apitirize kufufuza, sizowoneka kuti zotsatira za phunziro la kuyesa chubu zimayimira zomwe ziri m'mayesero aumunthu. Komanso, ngakhale kutsutsana kuti patentiflorin A "yabwino kuposa AZT" ikhoza kukhala yolondola, sizingakhale zofunikira monga ofufuza (kapena ena mwa ofalitsa) akunena.
Kwenikweni, AZT ndi mankhwala akale. Ndiyo yoyamba mwa mankhwala asanu ndi atatu omwe ali m'kalasi mwake ndipo imodzi yomwe yakhala ikudwalitsidwa ndi mankhwala obadwa mwatsopano monga tenofovir ndi abacavir. Potero, kugwiritsa ntchito AZT monga choyambirira cha kufanizira ndiko kufanizitsa kachilombo ka VW kachikale ku VW Beetle yatsopano. Zonsezi zimagwira ntchito, koma simungathe kuwonetsa kayendedwe ka zinyumbazo ndi chitsanzo chake chakale kwambiri.
Ndipo icho ndi gawo la mfundo. Pamapeto pake, cholinga cha mankhwala alionse omwe angapangidwe ndi chomera chiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu imodzimodziyo monga wothandizira mankhwala kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira zake. Pofuna kuchita izi, wolemba mtengo wotchedwa patentiflorin A ayenera kuthana ndi mavuto ambiri:
- Icho chiyenera kuti chifike ku ndondomeko ya chithandizo m'magazi. Pambuyo pa zonse, ndi chinthu chimodzi chowulula maselo ku chigawo mu chubu choyesera; Ndiyina yowonjezerapo mankhwalawa ndipo amakhala ndi zowonjezera zokwanira zozungulira m'magazi. Popeza zokolola zam'mimba zimathamangitsidwa mthupi mofulumira, asayansi amayenera kupanga zolemba zowonjezera zomwe zimatha kuthetsa kuchipatala pamene akupewa poizoni.
- Zidzatha kudutsa matumbo a m'matumbo. Zowonjezera zambiri zamasamba zimakhala zosungunuka m'madzi ndipo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kudutsa pamatumbo a m'matumbo. Kuchepetsa kuchepa kumatanthawuza kuchepetsitsa bioavailability (chiwerengero cha mankhwala omwe alowe m'magazi).
- Icho chiyenera kukhala chosungidwa pa magawo onse mu magazi. Mankhwala a kachilombo ka HIV sali ngati malungo, omwe amayenera kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kuchita nawo. Pokhala ndi kachilombo ka HIV, vuto linalake la mankhwala liyenera kusungidwa nthawi zonse kuti chitetezocho chichotsedwe. Popeza zitsamba zimachotsedwamo mofulumira, zimatha kusinthasintha zomwe zingakhale zosayenera ku HIV. Mwachitsanzo, Artemisinin ali ndi nthenda ya mankhwala ya maola awiri kapena anayi poyerekezera ndi tenofovir yomwe ili ndi theka la maola 17 ndi theka la moyo wa maola 50.
Ngakhale pali zida zingapo omwe asayansi angagwiritse ntchito kuti athetse mavuto omwe amatha kuyamwa (monga mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito lipid), pokhapokha atatha kuthana ndi mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito monga artemisinin, iwo sangakhale oposa mankhwala othandiza.
Mawu Ochokera
Chomwe chimapangitsa njira yochepetsera zomera, yochepetsetsa kuchokera ku lingaliro, ndikuti zinthu sizinthu zachilengedwe koma zakhala zikugwiritsidwa bwino kwa mibadwo. Koma imanenanso kuti mankhwala ochiritsira amakhala "otetezeka kwambiri" ndipo mankhwala omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi "oopsa kwambiri," ndipo si choncho ayi.
Mankhwala omwe timagwiritsa ntchito lero sakhala opanda zotsatira zake, koma ndi abwino kwambiri kwa iwo akale. Sizowonjezereka zokha, zimakhala ngati piritsi limodzi patsiku ndipo sizingatheke kukaniza mankhwala.
Choncho, ngakhale kuyesayesa kulikonse kuyenera kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku wa kachirombo ka HIV, pakadalibe zambiri zoti tigonjetse tisanathe kuziganizira moyenera zomwe zingakwaniritsidwe m'tsogolomu.
> Zotsatira:
> Helfer, M ;; Koppensteiner, H ;; Schneider, M .; et al. "Chomera cha Muzu wa mankhwala a Pelargonium sichimakhala ndi mphamvu yoteteza kachilombo ka HIV-1." PLoS One. January 14, 2014; 9 (1): e87487.
> Zhang, H ;; Rumschlag-Booms, E ;; Guan, Y .; et al. "Njira Yopangidwira Yotsutsa Mankhwala Osokoneza Matenda a HIV-1 Yodziwika Kuchokera ku Mankhwala Opanga Justicia gendarussa." Journal of Natural Products . 2017; DOI: 10.1021 / acs.jnatprod.7b00004.
> Rebensburg, S .; Helfer, M ;; Schneider, M .; et al. "Zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zoletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Cistus zomwe zimatulutsa kachilombo ka HIV ndi Filoviruses zimayambitsa mapuloteni a envelopu." Scientific Reports. February 2, 2016; 6: e20394.
> Wen, Z .; Liu, Y .; Wang, J ;; et al. "Mankhwala Achi China Achikhalidwe Ochiza Matenda a Edzi ndi Edzi." Mankhwala Othandizira Omwe Amawathandiza. 2012; 2012: mutu 950757.
> Wilson, D .; Coggin, K .; Williams, K .; et al. "Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Sutherlandia potscens ndi HIV-Zomwe zimagwira ntchito ku South Africa Akuluakulu : Chiyeso Choyendetsa Bwalo Lachiwiri Chokhazikika Chokhachokha ." PLoS One. July 17, 2015; 10 (7): e0128522.