Kumvetsetsa kachitidwe ka Immune

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Kumvetsetsa Kuteteza kwa Immune

Ndi ntchito yoteteza, kuchepetsa, kapena kuthetseratu matenda, chitetezo cha mthupi chimathandiza kwambiri pa moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Monga machitidwe ovuta kwambiri a ziwalo ndi maselo apadera, chitetezo cha mthupi chimateteza thupi mwa kusiyanitsa maselo ndi maselo oyenera kuchokera ku chinthu chilichonse kapena chamoyo chomwe chimaganizira kuti ndi chachilendo.

Pamene chitetezo cha mthupi chimazindikira kuti ndi chinthu chachilendo, chidzakweza chitetezo cha mthupi. Mitundu imeneyi imatha kutchulidwa kuti ndi antigen kapena zizindikiro.

• An antigen akhoza kukhala mabakiteriya, bowa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizirombo toyambitsa matenda, poizoni, kapena zinthu zakunja. Chitetezo cha mthupi chimazindikira kuti antigen ndizo zizindikiro zomwe zimayambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Cholinga cha chitetezo cha mthupi ndikuteteza antigen.
• Mosiyana ndi mankhwalawa, ali ndi vuto lopanda kanthu, monga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kapena mungu, zomwe thupi limayang'ana ngati antigen. Izi zikachitika, chitetezo cha mthupi chimayambitsa yankho lomwe timalitcha kuti ndizovuta.

Pa zifukwa zomwe simunamvetsetse bwinobwino, nthawi zina chitetezo cha mthupi nthawi zina sichidziwika kuti maselo ake ndi achilendo ndipo zimapanga chitetezo cha mthupi. Ife timatchula izi ngati matenda omwe amadzipangitsa okhaokha. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo psoriasis, nyamakazi ya nyamakazi, lupus, kapena mtundu wa shuga.

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Matenda a Immune System

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimakhala ndi ziwalo zosiyana, zilembo, ndi minofu zomwe zimathandizira kukula kwanu ndi chitukuko. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Mfupa ndi pamene magazi onse ndi maselo a m'thupi amatuluka.
• Thymus gland , yomwe ili pambali pa mfupa imakhudzidwa ndi kusasitsa maselo ena a chitetezo.
• Mankhwala am'mimba , amadzipangika m'thupi lonse, m'nyumba zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi ma chitetezo a chitetezo cha mthupi.
• Nthendayi imakhala ndi minofu ya lymphoid yomwe imachita ndi kubwezeretsa magazi ndi maselo a m'thupi.
• Mmene thupi limagwirira ntchito ndi msewu waukulu pakati pa ziphuphu ndi ziwalo zomwe zimanyamula maselo ofiira, omwe alibe madzi odzaza maselo oyera.

Ziwalozi ndizothandiza kwambiri pakupanga ma lymphocytes, maselo oyera a magazi omwe amachitapo kanthu ngati akukuvulazani kapena akudwala.

Magulu awiri akuluakulu a ma lymphocytes ndi B-maselo ndi T-maselo. B-maselo amakhalabe m'mafupa kuti akhwime, pamene T-maselo amapita ku thymus kukamaliza kusasitsa. Mukakhala okhwima, B-maselo ndi T-maselo amagwiritsa ntchito magazi ndi ma lymphatic kuyenda mosalekeza thupi lonse.

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Mitundu Yomwe Imayankhidwa ndi Immune

Pamaso pa mankhwala alionse ochititsa matenda (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda), chitetezo cha mthupi sichidzayambitsa magulu awiri a chitetezo cha mthupi

• Kugonana kwa chitetezo cha m'mimba kumatengedwa kuti ndiwopseza mzere woyamba ku chiopsezo chachikulu, monga kachilombo kapena mabakiteriya. Ndi zachiyero chifukwa nthawi zonse zimakhalapo, nthawi zonse zimakhala zofanana, ndipo nthawi zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito maselo ofanana.
• Maganizo oteteza ku chitetezo cha m'mthupi ndi omwe amachititsa chitetezo cha mthupi, pozindikira kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, timapanga maselo enieni kuti tiwone ndikuthandizira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zikatero, chitetezo cha mthupi chimasinthasintha ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Yankho lokhazikika limadalira ma B-maselo ndi T-maselo. B-maselo amagwira ntchito pozindikira antigen ndi zinthu zotsekemera zotchedwa antibodies zomwe "zimatulutsa" tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Maselo a T amatsata mwa kulondolera "tagged" tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Chigawo cha B-maselo ndi T-maselo amatchedwa kukumbukira B-maselo ndi T-maselo. Izi zimatumikira monga oyang'anira chitetezo cha mthupi, "kukumbukira" ma antigen ndi kuyambitsa yankho ngati antigen akuyambiranso.

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Kukonzekera Kuteteza kwa Immune

Kuyankhulana m'kati mwa chitetezo cha mthupi kumayang'aniridwa mu gawo lalikulu ndi mauthenga a mankhwala. Mankhwalawa, otchedwa cytokines , amapangidwa ndi maselo ambirimbiri a chitetezo cha mthupi pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a maselo owazungulira.

Atatulutsidwa, maselo a cytokines amachititsa maselo ena am'thupi kumatenda kapena kuti asachitepo kanthu. Pochita zimenezi, sizongolongosola maselo ndi khalidwe, zimayendetsa kukula ndi kumvetsetsa kwa maselo ena (kuphatikizapo maselo otetezeka a magazi ndi omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kukonza matupi).

Ma cytokini amakhalanso ofanana ndi mahomoni ambiri. Koma, mosiyana ndi maselo ofanana ndi maselo, maselo a cytokine amachititsa kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chitengeke. Mahomoni, mosiyanitsa, amatsogolera makamaka thupi ndi khalidwe.

Ma cytokini ndi ofunikira mu thanzi ndi matenda, kuyankha matenda, kutupa, kupwetekedwa, kupweteka, khansara, ngakhale magawo a kubereka.

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Udindo wa Matenda Ogonana

An antibody, wotchedwanso immunoglobin, ndi mapuloteni ofanana ndi Y omwe amadziwika ndi B-maselo omwe amatha kuzindikira ma tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Malangizo awiri a "Y" amatha kutsegula kachilombo ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena kachilombo ka HIV ndikuwunika kuti asatengere mbali imodzi mwa njira zitatu:

• Kuteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tisalowe mu selo yathanzi
• Kuwonetsa mapuloteni ena kuti azungulire ndi kudyetsa wowononga mu njira yotchedwa phagocytosis
• Kupha tizilombo tokha

Ma antibodies amachokera kwa mayi kupita kwa mwana kudzera mu njira yotchedwa katemera wosamalidwa. Mwanayo akayamba kubadwa, amayamba kudzipangira okhaokha, mwina poyang'anira antigen (chitetezo chokhazikika) kapena mbali ya chitetezo cha thupi (immate immunity).

Anthu amatha kupanga mitundu yoposa mabiliyoni khumi a antibodies, omwe amayang'aniridwa ndi antigen. Malo oteteza antigen, omwe amatchedwa paratope, amatsegula pa tsamba lophatikizira pa antigen wotchedwa epitope. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa paratope kumathandiza kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chizindikire ma antigen ambiri.

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Kumvetsetsa Zovuta Zambiri

Matendawa amayamba pamene chitetezo cha mthupi chimagwira zinthu zomwe zilibe vuto kwa ena. Ife timatchula zinthu izi ngati zotsegula. Pamene timakonda kugonana ndi nthendayi ndi mungu, zizindikiro zimayambitsidwa ndi nthendayi iliyonse yomwe imaphatikizapo mankhwala, zakudya, poizoni, latex, zitsulo, komanso ngakhale kutuluka dzuwa.

Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zimapezeka pamene thupi lanu limapanga ma antibodies, makamaka immunoglobulin E (IgE), potengera chinthu chomwe chimayipa. Wotsutsakhristu ndiye amamangiriza ku allergen ndi imodzi mwa maselo oyera a m'magazi oyera (maselo akuluakulu omwe amakhala m'magazi omwe amamasulidwa momasuka m'magazi), zomwe zimayambitsa kutulutsa zinthu zotchedwa histamines . Mayankhidwe awa a hyperreactive angasonyeze ndi:

• Zizindikiro za kupuma monga kupopera, kuyabwa, mphuno, kupukuta kwa maso, kupuma pang'ono, ndi kupuma, kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala chifukwa cha kukwiya kwa mphepo
• Matenda a m'mimba monga kupweteka kwa m'mimba, bloating, kusanza, ndi kutsekula m'mimba, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zakudya zowonjezera zakudya
• Matenda a m'mimba monga chiwombankhanga, mng'oma, chimfine, ndi kutentha, chifukwa cha mankhwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo kuti tizilumikizane ndi zamoyo kapena zamoyo.

Nthawi zina, munthu akhoza kuopseza moyo wake, thupi lonse likumana ndi vuto la anaphylaxis. Zizindikiro zimakhala ndi ming'oma yambiri, kutupa kwa nkhope, kupuma kwa mpweya, kuthamanga msanga kapena kupuma kwa mtima, chizungulire, kutaya, kusokonezeka, ndi mantha.

Chifuwa chofewa amachiritsidwa ndi antihistamines, pomwe kusintha kwakukulu kungafune jekeseni wa epinephrine .

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Zifukwa za Matenda Odzipatsirana

Pamtima pake, matenda omwe amadzimadzimadzi ndi omwe amasonyeza kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chimatulutsa amok, kumenyana ndi maselo omwe amadziwika kuti ndi owopsa. Ndicho chikhalidwe chomwe sitikumvetsetsa bwino, koma kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti zinthu zambiri zimagwira ntchito (kuphatikizapo ma genetics, mavairasi, ndi poizoni).

Pamene chitetezo cha mthupi chimasokonekera, chimasula lymphocyte zotetezera ndi zotchedwa autoantibodies zomwe zimayang'ana maselo m'mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi. Yankho losayenera, limene limatchulidwa kuti ndilowekha, lingayambitse kutupa ndi kuwonongeka kwa minofu.

Matenda osadziwika ndi achilendo. Pali mitundu yoposa 80 yodziwika bwino ya matendawa. Zina mwazofala ndizo:

• Lupus
• Matenda a nyamakazi
• Psoriasis
• Scleroderma
• Matenda a Celiac
• Matenda a Crohn
• Ulcerative colitis
• Sjogren's syndrome
• Matenda osokoneza bongo
• Vasculitis

Chithandizo chimasiyana ndi matenda koma chimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a corticosteroids, mankhwala osokoneza thupi, anti-khansa mankhwala, ndi plasmapheresis (plasma dialysis).

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Kumvetsetsa Chitetezo Chokwanira ndi Katemera

Katemera ndi zinthu, zopangidwa ndi anthu kapena zopangidwa ndi anthu, zomwe zimayambika mu thupi kuti zimayambitsa matenda a chitetezo cha mthupi. Cholinga cha katemera ndi kuteteza katemera (prophylactic vaccine), kuchepetsa matenda (katemera wa katemera), kapena kuthetsa matenda (kupatsira katemera).

Katemera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzaza mitsempha mwa chitetezo cha munthu, mwina chifukwa chakuti munthu sadayambe kudwala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (monga kupweteka kwapakati pa chaka) kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amawopsa kwambiri kuti chitetezo cha mthupi sichitha kulamulira (monga herpes zoster virus yomwe imayambitsa shingles).

Zina mwa njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira katemera:

• Katemera wa attenuated amakhala opangidwa ndi kachilombo ka moyo, olumala (ndipo nthawi zina mabakiteriya) omwe sangathe kuvulaza koma komabe amachititsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Zakudya, mawere, nkhuku, ndi polio ndi zina mwa zitsanzo za katemera wamoyo.
• Katemera osatetezedwa amagwiritsira ntchito mavairasi, "mabomba," kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chiwindi, chiwindi cha hepatitis A, ndi rabies ndizo zitsanzo za katemera osatetezedwa.
• Katemerawa amagwiritsa ntchito chidutswa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Matenda a chiwindi a B ndi a papillomavirus (HPV) ndi zitsanzo za katemera wagawo.
• Katemera wa toxoid amapangidwa kuchokera ku mankhwala osakanizidwa omwe alibe vuto kwa thupi koma amachititsanso kumayambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Katemera wa tetanasi ndi diphtheria amapangidwa motere.
• Mankhwala a DNA ndi omwe DNA yosinthidwa imalowetsedwa mu vector (monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena mabakiteriya). Pambuyo pake, jekeseni umaloledwa kulowa m'thupi momwe zimalumikizira maselo ndi "reprograms" kuti apange ma antibodies enieni.

> Chitsime:

> Wolemera, R .; Fleischer, T .; Shearer, W .; et al. (2012) Clinical Immunology (4th Edition). New York: Elsevier Science.