Kumvetsetsa Maselo Ayera a M'magazi ndi Mitundu Yopanda Chitetezo

by Karen Raymaakers

Kupewa chitetezo cha Innate ndi Cell-Mediated ndi Humoral Acquired Immunodetic

Maselo Oyera ndi Kutetezeka Kwake - Kuyamba

Chitetezo chathu cha mthupi, kapena chitetezo chathu, ndi njira yotetezera matupi athu ku zinthu zovulaza, tizilombo zakunja, komanso ngakhale khansa. Poyambirira chitetezo chathu cha mthupi chimaphunziridwa mwachindunji popewera matenda, kumvetsetsa kwathu kwasintha ndipo kunayambitsa kuwonetseratu kwakukulu kwa magazi ndi mafuta a mitsempha yopatsirana maselo, kuika magazi, khansa, ndi majini.

Maselo athu oyera m'magazi (WBCs) ndi mbali ya chitetezo chathu cha mthupi ndipo amachitanso mbali yaikulu mu khansa ya magazi ndi mafuta. Ndipotu mawu akuti leukemia amatanthawuza "magazi oyera," chifukwa amakhudzana ndi kuperewera kwa maselo oyera a magazi.

Ntchito za Immune System

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimakhala ndi ntchito zinayi zazikulu:

Chitetezo ku tizilombo tina zakunja monga mabakiteriya, mavairasi, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda , ndi bowa
Homeostasis (mgwirizano wa thupi) kudzera mu kuchotsedwa kwa maselo okalamba kapena akufa
Kuyang'anitsitsa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa maselo osungunuka
Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo kudzera pakuwonjezereka ndi kuponderezera kuyankha kwa chitetezo cha mthupi

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimatha kugwira ntchitoyi makamaka kudzera mu mphamvu yake yofotokozera kusiyana pakati payekha (mbali ya thupi) ndi osakhala nokha (zamoyo zomwe zimayambitsa matenda monga mabakiteriya, bowa, ndi mavairasi, kapena poizoni). Icho chimatsimikizira izi ndi antigen, kapena mapuloteni, mu selo pamwamba. Maselo ndi maantijeni omwe chitetezo cha mthupi chimadziona ngati kuti asiyidwa okha, pomwe selo losakhala lokha la antigen lidzachotsa chitetezo chathu, chomwe chidzayankhidwa polemba, kuyambitsa ndi kuyambitsa maselo oyera a magazi yoyenera ku malo oopsya.

Imodzi mwa mavuto omwe ali ndi maselo a khansa ndikuti adapeza njira zobisala kuti aziwoneka ngati enieni.

Mitundu Yachilombo

Mitundu iwiri yoyamba ya chitetezo cha m'mthupi ndi yopanda chitetezo cha m'mimba . Zina mwa maselo athu oyera amagazi zimathandiza kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ena amatenga chitetezo chokwanira, pomwe ena akuphatikizidwa.

Immunity Immunity

Kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa ndilo mzere woyamba, osayankha mwatsatanetsatane kuwonongeka kwa matupi athu. Timabadwa ndi chitetezo chodziwika bwino. Chitetezo chosawonongeka chimayendetsedwa ndi njira zinayi: zothetsera makina, zolepheretsa mankhwala, malungo, ndi phagocytosis kapena kutupa.

Zitsulo zamagetsi zimaphatikizapo khungu ndi nembanemba zomwe zimayankhula pakamwa pathu, m'mphuno, m'mphepete mwa mpweya, m'makapepala a mkodzo ndi m'mimba. Izi zikadali zolimba, zimapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke poyambitsa poizoni ndi zowononga.
Zitsulo zamakono zimaphatikizapo thukuta, misonzi, misozi, zidulo zam'mimba, ntchentche, ndi zina zotsekedwa ndi thupi. Izi zimathandiza kuti anthu achilendo amenyane ndi zachilengedwe mwa kuwononga zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, zothetsera mankhwala zingapangitse minofu kukhala yowonongeka kapena yowumitsa ndipo motero zimayambitsa zamoyo kapena poizoni kuti zisamangidwe ndi kukhala mu thupi.
Chiwopsezo chimathandiza thupi kuteteza mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi omwe amatha kutentha kwambiri. Ogonjetsa awa amanyengerera zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa thupi kuti liwonjezere kutentha kwake. Mitundu ya zamoyozi sizingakhoze kulekerera kutentha kwakukulu kwa nthawi yaitali. (Ichi ndi chifukwa chake tsopano tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tisiye malungo ochepa kwambiri ndi chimfine ndi chimfine - pokhapokha ngati simungakhale womasuka - chifukwa ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe thupi lathu limalimbana ndi matendawa.)

Kutupa kumachitika pamene zopinga zamakina ndi zamakina kwa othawa achilendo alephera. Yankho lake ndi lofulumira, komanso limakhalanso lalifupi kwambiri . Ili ndi yankho losadziwika, ndiko kuti, thupi lanu siliyenera kuti lidziwuluke kwa womenyanayo musanayankhepo. Kutupa kumayamba ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi phagocytic WBCs, monga polymorphonuclear leukocytes kapena "granulocytes" - neutrophils , monocytes , macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, ndi maselo achilengedwe . Matenda a Neutrophils amachititsa mabakiteriya ndi bowa ndipo amachoka magaziwo chifukwa cha kutupa. Ma Basophil amayamba kutentha kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timateteza thupi kumatenda. Selo zakupha zachilengedwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amatha kupha maselo omwe ali ndi kachilombo. Macrophages amagwiritsa ntchito maselo amodzimadzimadzi m'matumbo, pamene ma monocytes amachita nawo magazi. Pamene macrophage imapanga chiwonongeko chachilendo , imapereka chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi chiwalo cha T-lymphocytes ndikuthandizira kulandira chitetezo cha mthupi.

Mwadzidzidzi Wopulumutsidwa

Kupeza chitetezo cha mthupi, chomwe chimatchedwanso kuteteza chitetezo chodziletsa, ndi wophunzira wodzitetezera ku chitetezo kwa munthu wina wamba . Thupi likadziwidwa ndi antigen linalake , chitetezo chotenga thupi chimalowa mkati ndikumakumbukira nkhaniyo nthawi yayitali . Patapita zaka zambiri, pamene chitetezo chathu cha mthupi chimayang'ana antigen chomwecho kachiwiri, icho chakonzekera kale ndipo chikhoza kuyambitsa mofulumira. Njira zazikuluzikulu za mtundu uwu wa chitetezo chotetezera ndi chitetezo chotetezera chitetezo komanso chamagulu , zomwe zonse zimaphedwa ndi ma lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes amapanga pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a WBC m'matupi athu. Lymphocytes ndi maselo ang'onoang'ono omwe angathe kufalikira m'magazi komanso amatha kukhalapo mu matenda, makamaka akuyendayenda momasuka m'thupi kufunafuna ntchito. Mankhwala a ma lymphocytes ndi T lymphocytes kapena T-cells , (omwe amathandiza kwambiri pa chitetezo chokhazikika komanso chosasangalatsa) ndi ma lymphocyte B kapena maselo a B. Ma B-lymphocytes ena amakhala maselo a m'magazi , omwe amachititsa kuti antigen ikhoze kukumbukira munthu amene amatha kusokoneza mtsogolo ndikupanga antibodies kwa antigen.

Chitetezo Cham'mimba Chokhazikika (CMI)

Katetezedwe ka maselo amagwiritsira ntchito T-lymphocytes monga chida chake chachikulu, ngakhale kuti kugwirizana pakati pa T-lymphocytes ndi ma-lymphocyte B kumapezeka nthawi zambiri. Pambuyo pangozi yachilendo ikugwidwa ndi macrophage, imapereka tsatanetsatane wa ma antigen omwe ali pamwamba pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Mtundu umodzi wa T-lymphocyte, wothandizira T-cell , udzabweretsa chidziwitso ku ma tymphocytes ena (kotero iwo adzazindikira wozembetsa), maselo achilengedwe (amene adzafuna ndi kupha nyama), ndi ma-lymphocyte B ( yemwe amayambitsa yankho la chitetezo cha mthupi).

Mtundu wina wa T-lymphocyte, cytoxic T-selo , amagwiritsa ntchito njira yowonongeka kwambiri ndipo amapha maselo omwe amadziona ngati osadzikonda kapena omwe angawonongeke.

Chitetezo chaumunthu

Kutetezeka kwaumunthu kumaphatikizapo kupanga ma antibodies. Matenda a antibodies, kapena immunoglobulins, ndi mapuloteni opangidwa ndi maselo a plasma a B-lymphocyte pozindikira kuti ali ndi antigen. Ma antibodies amatha kuteteza mavairasi kuti asalowemo maselo abwino, asokoneze poizoni, kapena athane ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuwasiya kuti apulumuke.

Kugwira Ntchito Pamodzi

Kachilomboka ndi njira yovuta kwambiri yomwe imafuna kugwirizana pakati pa njira zonse zogwirira ntchito. Phagocytic WBCs, monga macrophages ndi maselo achilengedwe kuchokera ku chitetezo chathu cha innate, kumathandiza kuti chitetezo cha m'thupi chikhale choyenera. Komabe, chitetezo chathu cha mthupi cha innate chimakhala chokhazikika pafupipafupi ndipo chimafuna chitetezo chathu chodziwika kuti chiteteze mosalekeza.

_Zotsatira:

_{Bonilla, F. Kuyankha kwa chitetezo cha mthupi.} _{Zaposachedwa.} _{Kusinthidwa 03/23/15.} _{http://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-humoral-immune-response}

_{Johnston, R. Chidule cha mawonekedwe a chitetezo cha mthupi.} _{Zaposachedwa.} _{Kusinthidwa 11/02/15.} _{http://www.uptodate.com/contents/an-overview-of-the-innate-immune-system}

_{Otto, S. Njira zothandizira.} _{ku Otto, S. ed (2001) Nursing Nursing 4th ed.} _{Mosby: St.} _Louis. _{(pp. 917-948).}

_{Williams, L. "Kubwereza Kwambiri kwa Hematopoiesis ndi Immunology: Zotsatira za Omwe Amaloledwa Kutsegula Maselo a Hematopoietic" ku Ezzone, S.} _{(2004) Kupatsa Mavitamini a Madzi Amadzimadzi: Buku Lophunzitsa Achinyamata.} _{Society of Nursing Society.} _{Pittsburg, PA (pp.1-13).}