Ngati dokotala wakuuzani kuti muli ndi mapapo, zikhoza kuchititsa mantha. Kodi madokotala amatanthauza chiyani pamene akunena kuti "mapapo," ndi zotani zomwe zimayambitsa, ndizotani khansa yake yamapapu, ndipo ndi mayesero ati omwe angapangidwe kuti adziwe chifukwa chake?
Tanthauzo
"Ammapu" amatanthauza malo osadziwika kapena malo m'mapapu omwe ali oposa masentimita atatu mu kukula.
Ngati malo (kapena mawanga) ali osachepera masentimita atatu, ndiye kuti amatchedwa " mapapu ". Zomwe zimachititsa kuti mapapo a m'mapapo akhale osiyana ndi omwe amapezeka m'mapapu, komanso mwayi woti zovutazo zingakhale ndi khansa.
Zimayambitsa
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mawu akuti mapapu otchedwa lung fufu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza malo ochepa m'mapapo kusiyana ndi mapapo. Mwachidziwikire, mwayi woti mapaipi a mapapu ndi abwino kwambiri kuposa mwayi woti ndi woopsa (khansa),
Mwatsoka, chifukwa chachikulu cha misa m'mapapu ndi chimodzi mwa mitundu ya khansa ya m'mapapo . Musanayambe kukwiya mukamawerenga izi, komabe pali zotsatira zoyipa za mapapo. Ndipo ngakhale khansayi yamapapu, chithandizo chonse cha moyo ndi kupulumuka kwasintha m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Pamene mukuwerenga, kumbukirani izi, makamaka ngati mwadziwa wina yemwe ali ndi khansara yamapiko kuposa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri zapitazo. Nthawi zina, khansara yamapapu yapamwamba (kansa ya mapulaneti 4) imatha kuchitidwa ngati matenda aakulu.
Ndipo mankhwala osokoneza bongo (omwe amavomerezedwa koyamba mu 2015 komanso tsopano 4 alipo) nthawi zina amachititsa "yankho lokhalitsa" (oncology kufuna mwina mwinamwake mankhwala) kwa anthu omwe ali ndi magawo apamwamba kwambiri a matendawa.
Khansa ya m'mimba ndi yowonongeka kwambiri ndipo pakali pano imayambitsa matenda a kansa kwa amuna ndi akazi ku United States.
Khansara ya m'mimba imatha ngakhale anthu omwe sanasute konse, ndipo makamaka, pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya anthu omwe amayamba khansa yamapapo pa nthawi ino samasuta; iwo mwina amayamba kusuta kapena samasuta konse. Azimayi oposa 20 pa 100 aliwonse omwe amakhala ndi khansa ya m'mapapo sakhala akusuta ndudu imodzi. Mosiyana ndi kuchepetsa khansa ya m'mapapo mwa amuna akulu, gulu limodzi la anthu, kansa ya m'mapapo yakula kwambiri: aang'ono, osasuta. Izi zinati, pali zowononga (osati za khansa) zomwe zimayambitsa mafupa a mapapo.
Zina zomwe zimayambitsa mapapo amaphatikizapo:
- Matenda a khansa.
- Ma khansa ena. Ma khansa ena omwe amawonekera ngati misa m'mapapu amakhala ndi lymphomas ndi mitsempha.
- Mankhwala a Benign (omwe alibe khansa) amatha kupweteka, monga matenda a hamartomas , mtundu wochuluka wa chifuwa chofewa m'mapapo.
- Mavitamini (kufalikira) kwa khansa ochokera m'madera ena a thupi kupita kumapapo. Matenda a khansa omwe amapezeka m'mapapo ndipo amachititsa kuti mapapo kapena masisitomala asaphatikizepo khansa ya m'mawere, khansara yamtundu, kansa ya chikhodzodzo, ndi kansa ya prostate.
- Ziphuphu zamapulumu. Amadzimadzi ali ndi matenda omwe "aphimbidwa" ndipo ali ndi thupi.
- Zopweteka za AV. Matenda a AV ndi chisokonezo pakati pa mitsempha ndi mitsempha yomwe imakhalapo kuyambira kubadwa.
- Lipoid chibayo.
- Matenda. Matenda a fungal monga coccidiomycosis ndi blastomycosis ndi matenda a parasitic monga echinococcus (hydatid cysts) amachititsa mapapo.
- Mapulitsiro oyendetsa mabomba. Kutuluka kwa mitsempha yomwe imayenda kuchokera pamtima mpaka kumapapu ikhoza kuwonekera ngati misala pazithunzi zojambula.
- Amyloidosis. Amyloidosis ndikumanga mapuloteni osadziwika omwe amapanga misa.
Link to Cancer
Chomvetsa chisoni n'chakuti, matenda opatsirana kwambiri, ngati muli ndi mapapo, ndi khansa ya m'mapapo. Komabe pali ambiri omwe samakhala ndi khansa, monga tawonera pamwambapa. Mafupa amatha kukhala odwala khansa ngati akufotokozedwa kuti ndi " galasi la pansi " pa lipoti lojambula zithunzi, pamene kupeza " mawerengedwe " kumafala kwambiri m'matumbo oopsa.
Ngati chotupacho chikufotokozedwa ngati " chophika pamadzi " chimakhalanso chowopsa. Mbiri yakale ya kusuta, kapena kugwira ntchito muzochita zowonongeka ndi zinthu zopangitsa khansa imabweretsa mwayi kuti chotupa ndi khansa.
Mafunso Mafunso Anu Dokotala Angakufunse
Chinthu choyamba chimene adokotala anu akufuna kuti achite ndikuchita mbiri yakale komanso mwakuthupi. Mafunso ena omwe angafunse ndi awa:
- Kodi munayamba mwasuta?
- Kodi mwangoyamba kumene?
- Ndizochitika zina ziti zamankhwala zomwe muli nazo?
- Kodi muli ndi mbiri ya banja la mavuto aliwonse azachipatala kuphatikizapo khansa yamapapo ndi zina zamapapu?
- Kodi mwakhala mukukumana ndi makina okwera a radon kunyumba kwanu? ( Radon ndiyo yachiwiri yoyambitsa khansa ya m'mapapo.)
- Kodi muli ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi chifuwa chopitiriza , kukakamira magazi , kupuma pang'ono , kupweteka m'mapapo anu, mapewa , kapena kumbuyo , kapena mwakhala mukusowa kochepa ?
Kudziwa
Malinga ndi zotsatira za mbiri yosamala ndi kuunika kwa thupi, mayesero ena angaphatikizepo:
- A CT scan. Ngati dokotala wanu adawona mapapu pachifuwa cha x-ray , chimodzi mwa zinthu zoyamba zomwe angakulangize ndi kanema wa CT pofuna kuyang'ana misa kwambiri. Izi zingathandize kufotokozera kukula ndi malo a misa, ndipo nthawi zina zitsimikiziranso kuti misa sichidali "chopangira" pa x-ray-ndiko kuti, chinachake chomwe chinkawoneka ngati misa koma sichinali, monga kuphatikizapo zamatenda.
- Maphunziro a MRI.
- Pulogalamu ya PET . Kufufuza kwa PET ndi phunziro la kujambula lomwe likuyang'ana kukula kwachangu kudera limene likukayikira. Mwachitsanzo, dera lokayikira lomwe silingayambe kuyang'ana pa PET lingakhale lala lachilonda chakale koma malo omwe amayambira (amasonyeza chizindikiro cha kukula mwakhama) ndizovuta kukhala chotupa cha khansa. Ziyeso ngati izi zingakhale zothandiza makamaka ngati munthu wakhala akudwala mankhwala a khansa ya m'mawere, matenda a Hodgkin, kapena kansa ya m'mapapo m'mbuyomo, ngati ma radiation angayambitse minofu yomwe imawoneka ngati chotupa pa kujambula.
- Bronchoscopy . Ngati misa ili pakatikati ya mapapo pafupi ndi misewu yaikulu, bronchoscopy ingakonzedwe. Pa bronchoscopy, madokotala amapereka chubu chosasunthika pakamwa panu mpaka pansi mu bronchi yanu. Chiyesochi chikhoza kuyang'ana zosavuta mkati ndi pafupi ndi misewu yaikulu, ndipo biopsy ikhoza kuchitidwa ngati pakufunika. Chimake chotchedwa endobronchial ultrasound chingathenso kuchitidwa (ultrasound yomwe imachitika kudzera mwa bronchi) pa bronchoscopy kuti muwone bwino zovuta m'mapapo koma pafupi ndi mphepo.
- Chida chabwino cha singano . Ngati mapapu anu ali m'madera akumapapo, dokotala wanu angapangire chitsimikizo chokhala ndi singano yomwe imayikidwa kupyolera mu khoma la chifuwa ndi misala kuti mupeze zitsanzo.
- Kuchita opaleshoni . Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kupeza chitsanzo cha maselo m'mapapu anu pogwiritsa ntchito singano yamagetsi kapena kudzera mu bronchoscopy. Ngati ndi choncho, opaleshoni ya thoracic ingalimbikitsidwe kuti mutenge minofu . Izi zikhoza kuchitika kudzera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ndi kamera (opaleshoni ya opaleshoni yochizira mavidiyo), kapena kupyolera mu chizoloŵezi chofikira mapapu (thoractomy).
Chithandizo
Chithandizo cha mapapo anu chimadalira chifukwa choyambitsa. Ngati ndi chotupa cha khansa cha m'mapapo kapena kufalikira kwa khansa kuchokera ku dera lina la thupi kupita kumapapo, njira zothandizira mankhwala zingaphatikizepo opaleshoni, chemotherapy, kapena mankhwala othandizira odwala. Zina zochepa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a mapapo, monga matenda, zidzaperekedwa kuchokera kuchipatala iwe ndi dokotala wanu mumaganiza pambuyo pa kuyesedwa.
Benign vs. Malignant Masses
Zingakhale zosokoneza kwambiri ngati mutapezeka kuti muli ndi chifuwa cha mapapo kapena mapapo. Nchifukwa chiyani sikusavuta kunena ngati chinachake chiri ndi khansa kapena ayi? Chifukwa chiyani mankhwalawa ndi osiyana kwambiri? Zingakhale zothandiza kudziwa kusiyana pakati pa chotupa choipa ndi chothetsa .
Mawu Ochokera
Ngati dokotala wanu ali wotsimikiza kuti mapapo anu ndi khansa, mumakhala mukuwopa. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Nchiyani chikuchitika kenako? Ngati izi zikukufotokozerani, tengani kamphindi kuti muphunzire za masitepe oyamba omwe mungapezeke ngati muli ndi khansara yamapapo . Kumbukirani kuti mankhwala akukula. Khalani woyimira nokha ndikuphunzira momwe mungathere pa matenda anu. Palinso kansa yamapapu yabwino kwambiri yomwe ilipo pa intaneti ndi anthu omwe angapereke chithandizo (mtundu wokhawo amene ali ndi matendawa angakhoze) pamene akuthandizani kumvetsa bwino khansa yanu ndi zosankha zanu.
> Zotsatira:
Kasper, DL .., Fauci AS, ndi Hauser, SL. Mfundo za Harrison za Mankhwala a M'kati. New York: maphunziro a Mc Graw Hill, 2015. Print.
> Pass, HI. Mfundo ndi machitidwe a khansa yamapapo: malemba a IASLC. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010. Print.
> Yao, Y., Lv, T., ndi Y. Nyimbo. Mmene Mungayambitsire Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo: Kuchokera Powonongeka Kuchipatala. Kafukufuku Wofufuza za Khansa Yamasulidwe . 2017. 6 (1): 3-5.