Tanthauzo, Mbiri, Zolemba ndi Zosangalatsa Zokhudza Microbiology
Kodi tanthauzo la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi chiyani? Kodi mbiri ndi chiyani chomwe chiri chofunikira kwambiri kuchipatala? Kodi mfundo zokhudzana ndi tizilombo tingakudabwe bwanji?
Phunziro la Zamoyo Zachilengedwe - Tanthauzo
Microbiology imatanthauzidwa ngati kungophunzira tizilombo tokha, ndi "micro" kutanthauza pang'ono, ndi "biology," ponena za kuphunzira za zinthu zamoyo. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timaphunzira mosiyanasiyana ndipo munda wa microbiology wathyoledwa m'magulu ambiri a maphunziro.
Munda wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi wofunikira kwa anthu, osati chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana omwe amabwera ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda koma chifukwa "tizilombo" zabwino ndizofunika kuti ife tikhale padziko lapansi. Poganizira kuti mabakiteriya mkati ndi matupi athu ochuluka kuposa maselo athu enieni, gawo ili lophunzirira likhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi limodzi mwa malo ofunikira ndi maphunziro.
Mitundu ya Tizilomboti - Dongosolo
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kapena "tizilombo toyambitsa matenda" ndi zinthu zazing'ono. Zambiri mwa zamoyozi sizingathe kuoneka ndi maso, ndipo mpaka pangopangidwe kachipangizo kakang'ono kakang'ono ndi kachilomboka, sitinadziwe kuti ndi ochuluka bwanji.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi. Amapezeka m'madzi otentha mumtsinje wa Yellowstone komanso pamphepete mwa mapiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Amatha kukhala ndi malo okhala ndi mchere ndipo ena amakula bwino mu madzi amchere (kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mchere kukhala wotetezera .) Ena amafunikira mpweya wokhala ndi ena ndipo samatero.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda "kwambiri" ndi mabakiteriya omwe amatchedwa Deinococcus radio trans , mabakiteriya omwe amatha kupirira miyendo yapamwamba kwambiri monga dzina lake limatanthauzira, koma akhoza kupulumuka popanda madzi, atakhala ndi zida zamphamvu, ngakhale atayikidwa pamtambo.
Chiwerengero cha Tizilombo Tizilombo Tosiyanasiyana
Pali njira zambiri zomwe asayansi asankha, ndipo pochita zimenezi amayesa kumveka, mwa mamiliyoni ambiri a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pakati pathu.
Multicellular vs unicellular vs acellular - Njira imodzi yomwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayambira ndi ngati ali ndi maselo kapena ayi, ndi angati. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tingakhale:
- Multicellular - Kukhala ndi selo limodzi.
- Unicellular - Kukhala ndi selo limodzi.
- Acellular - Kutaya maselo, monga mavairasi ndi mapepala. (Pakhala pali mkangano wosonyeza ngati mavairasi alidi zamoyo, popeza sangathe kupulumuka kunja kwa alendo, ndipo mapepala amatchedwa "mapuloteni opatsirana" osati ma microbes.)
Eukaryotos vs prokaryotes Njira ina imene tizilombo tawunikira timagulu timagwirizanirana ndi mtundu wa selo. Izi zikuphatikizapo eukaryotes ndi prokaryotes:
- Eukaryotes ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe ali ndi "maselo ovuta" omwe ali ndi khungu lenileni ndi membrane bound organelles. Zitsanzo za eukaryota ndi helminths (mphutsi,) protozoa , algae, bowa, ndi yisiti.
- Prokaryotes ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe ali ndi "maselo osavuta" omwe alibe chowonadi chenicheni komanso alibe organelles. Zitsanzo ndi mabakiteriya.
Magulu akuluakulu a tizilombo timaphatikizapo - Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda imatha kuphwanyidwa:
- Mafinya - Zilombo zina zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri kuposa tizilombo tina tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mafinya ndiwo helminths (mphutsi,) fluke, protozoa, ndi zina. Zitsanzo za matenda a parasitic ndi malaria , giardia , ndi matenda a ku Africa ogona. Ascariasis (nsanganizo zakuda) ndi omwe amachititsa anthu mabiliyoni imodzi padziko lonse.
- Bowa (ndi yisiti) - Bowa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe ali m'njira zina zofanana ndi zomera. Ngati mwakhala ndi othamanga phazi kapena matenda a yisiti, mumadziŵa matenda ena ochepa a fungalomu . Mbaliyi imaphatikizaponso bowa ndi zofumba. Monga mabakiteriya, timakhalanso ndi "bowa zabwino" zomwe zimakhala m'matupi mwathu ndipo sizimayambitsa matenda.
- Mabakiteriya - Tili ndi mabakiteriya ambiri komanso matupi athu kuposa maselo aumunthu, koma mabakiteriya ambiri ndiwo "mabakiteriya wathanzi." Amatiteteza ku matenda kuchokera ku mabakiteriya oipa kapena omwe amachititsa kuti tizidya chakudya chathu. Zitsanzo za matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha mabakiteriya amakhala ndi TB komanso Strep mmero.
- Mavairasi - Mavairasi ali ndi chilengedwe chochuluka, ngakhale anthu omwe amadziwika nawo ndi omwe amachititsa matenda aumunthu. Mavairasi angathenso kulandira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mabakiteriya, komanso zomera. Katemera watseketsa chiopsezo cha matenda ena owopsya, koma ena, monga Ebola ndi Zika kachilombo , akutikumbutsa kuti sitinayambe kugonjetsa masewerawa.
- Prions - Ambiri asayansi pa nthawi ino samapanga mapemphero monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, koma monga "mapuloteni opatsirana." Izi zikuti, nthawi zambiri amaphunzira ndi virologists, Prions ndizofunikira mapuloteni osadziwika bwino, ndipo sangawoneke mantha poyamba. Komabe matenda opatsirana monga matenda a ng'ombe amisala ndi ena mwa matenda opatsirana kwambiri omwe amawopsa.
Mbiri ya Microbiology
Chimene ife tikudziwa tsopano ponena za tizilombo tizilombo ndipo zomwe tidzakambirana m'munsimu ndi zatsopano m'mbiri. Tiyeni tiwone mwachidule mbiri ya microbiology:
Choyamba makina a microscope / tizilombo tomwe timayang'anitsitsa - Njira yoyamba yowonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda inadzachitika pamene van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) adalenga nyenyezi yoyamba, imodzi yokha. Kupyolera mu lens yomwe inali ndi kukula kwa 300X, iye ankatha kuwona mabakiteriya nthawi yoyamba (kuchokera kumatambo ake.)
Kupititsa patsogolo Maganizo a Germ - - Thupi laumunthu linadziwika ngati gwero la matenda ndi asayansi atatu :.
- Dr. Oliver Wendall Holmes adapeza kuti amayi amene anabala pakhomo sakanatha kukhala ndi matenda kusiyana ndi omwe amapita kuchipatala.
- Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis odwala matenda opatsirana omwe ali ndi madokotala omwe adachokera ku chipinda cha autopsy kupita kwa azimayi osasamba m'manja osasamba m'manja.
- Joseph Lister anayambitsa njira za aseptic, kuphatikizapo kusamba m'manja ndi kutentha kutentha thupi.
Germ Theory - Anthu awiri omwe amavomereza kuti adalandira kachilomboka ndi Louis Pasteur ndi Robert Koch:
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - Pasteur akuyamikiridwa ndi chiphunzitso cha biogenesis, podziwa kuti zamoyo zonse zimachokera ku chinachake m'malo mowona malingaliro pa nthawi ya mbadwo wokhazikika. Anati matenda ambiri amayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (osati chifukwa cha uchimo, mkwiyo wa Mulungu, ndi zina zomwe zingayambitse.) Iye anasonyeza kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi omwe amachititsa kuthira mphamvu ndikupanganso njira yomwe imatchedwa kuti pasteurization yomwe ikugwiritsidwanso ntchito lero. Anakhalanso ndi katemera wa rabies ndi anthrax.
- Robert Koch (1843-1910) - Koch ndi mlembi wa "Koch's postulates" mndandanda wa sayansi wazitsulo zomwe zatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi majeremusi a chidziwitso ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro a sayansi kuyambira (ndi zina zowonongeka.) Anazindikira chifukwa cha TB, anthrax , ndi kolera.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zizindikiro zochepa zikuphatikizapo:
- 1892 - Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanoski anapeza kachilombo koyamba.
- 1928 - Alexander Flemming anapeza penicillin.
- 1995 - Mndandanda woyamba wa ma microbial genomic unasindikizidwa.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Tikamaganizira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ambiri a ife timaganizira za matenda, ngakhale kuti "tizirombo" tating'ono tingathe kutithandizira kuposa kutipweteka. (Onetsetsani kuti muwerenge za "tizilombo toyambitsa matenda" pansipa.)
Mpaka zaka zosaposa zana zapitazo, ndipo pakalipano, m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi, matenda opatsirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndiwo amachititsa imfa. Kuyembekeza kwa moyo ku United States kunasintha kwambiri mzaka zapitazi osati chifukwa chakuti tikukhala ndi moyo wautali, koma makamaka chifukwa chakuti ana ochepa amamwalira ali ana.
Ku United States, matenda a mtima ndi khansara ndizo zoyamba ndi zoyamba zomwe zimayambitsa imfa. Komabe padziko lonse, matenda opatsirana. Malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization, m'mayiko osauka a zachuma padziko lonse lapansi, chiwopsezo chachikulu cha imfa ndi matenda opatsirana otetezeka, kenako ndi matenda otsekula m'mimba.
Kubwera kwa katemera ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo, kuphatikizapo madzi oyeretsa kwambiri, kwatithandiza kuchepetsa nkhawa zathu pazilombo zofalitsa, koma kungakhale kosafuna kudzikuza. Pakalipano, tikukumana ndi matenda opatsirana okha, koma ma antibiotic akutsutsa, ndipo akatswiri ambiri akuganiza kuti ifeyo takhala tikulimbana ndi mliri wotsatira.
Tizilombo Tizilomboti Zomwe Zingathandize Kwa Anthu - "Zakudya Zabwino"
Ngakhale sitidziwa kawirikawiri za izo, tizilombo tizilombo sizothandiza koma zofunikira pafupifupi pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wathu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zofunika kwambiri:
- Kuteteza matupi athu motsutsana ndi tizilombo "zoipa".
- Kupanga chakudya - Kuchokera ku yogurt ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa, kuthirira ndi njira imene kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakudya. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chimodzi, komabe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndizo pansi pa chakudya chochuluka kwa moyo wambiri
- Kuwonongeka kwa zonyansa pansi ndi kubwezeretsanso mpweya wa m'mlengalenga pamwambapa. Mabakiteriya amatha kuthandizira ndi zowononga zovuta monga mafuta owonongeka ndi zinyalala zakuda.
- Mabakiteriya m'matupi athu ali ndi udindo wopanga mavitamini monga vitamini K ndi ma vitamini B. Mabakiteriya ndi ofunika kwambiri mu chimbudzi.
- Munda wa zojambulajambula ndikuyang'ana njira zomwe mabakiteriya angagwiritsire ntchito ngati galimoto yolimba kuti asunge zambiri.
Sikuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwira ntchito zambiri kwa ife-ndizo gawo lathu. Zimaganiziridwa kuti mabakiteriya mkati ndi matupi athu ochuluka kuposa maselo athu ndi chinthu cha 10 mpaka 1.
Mwinamwake mwamvapo mwatsopano mukudya mwakuthupi. Kuwonjezera pa kudya broccoli ndi blueberries, tsopano tauzidwa kuti tidye zakudya zopweteka tsiku ndi tsiku, kapena mobwerezabwereza. Ndi mabakiteriya, sipadzakhala nayonso mphamvu.
Pa kubadwa, makanda alibe mabakiteriya m'matupi awo. Amapeza mabakiteriya awo oyambirira pamene akudutsa mwachangu. (Kulephera kukatenga mabakiteriya mu kanjira yoberekera ndi ena akuganiza kuti chifukwa chake kunenepa kwambiri ndi chifuwa ndizofala kwambiri kwa ana omwe amaperekedwa ndi chigawo C.)
Ngati mwakhala mukuwerenga nkhani posachedwapa, zakhala zikuwonetseratu kuti mabakiteriya omwe timakhala nawo amachititsa kuti tsiku ndi tsiku tizisangalala. phunzirani kukhala ndi mabakiteriya abwino . Kuphunzira za microbiome tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza zinthu zambiri, monga chifukwa chake maantibayotiki angapangitse kulemera.
Masamba a Microbiology
Pali malo osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chitsanzo cha zina mwazinthu zomwe zawonongedwa ndi mtundu wa zamoyo zikuphatikizapo:
- Parasitology - Kuphunzira za parasitology
- Mycology - Kuphunzira za bowa
- Bacteriology - Kuphunzira mabakiteriya
- Virology - Kuphunzira mavairasi
- Protozoology - Kuphunzira za protozoa
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - Kuphunzira algae
- Immunology - Kuphunzira za chitetezo cha m'thupi
Minda ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ingathenso kuthyoledwa ndi kuyika kuti tipeze mitu yambiri. Zitsanzo zingapo mwa ambiri ndi izi:
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kukula kwa thupi, kapangidwe ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda)
- Matenda a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
- Kusintha kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
- Environmental Microbiology
- Zamakina tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (mwachitsanzo, mankhwala osokoneza bongo)
- Chakudya Chamakono (Micromentology)
- Biotechnology
- Kusintha.
Tsogolo la Zamoyo Zachilengedwe
Munda wa microbiology ndi wokondweretsa ndipo pali zambiri zomwe sitidziwa. Zomwe tapindulapo mu chidziwitso chomwe tili nacho m'munda ndikuti pali zambiri zoti tiphunzire.
Sizingatheke kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, koma akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (monga penicillin.) Mavairasi ena amawoneka ngati akuchititsa khansara, pamene ena akuyesedwa ngati njira yolimbana ndi khansa.
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zofunika kwambiri kuti anthu aphunzire za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kulemekeza "zolengedwa" izi zomwe zimatiposa ife. Akuganiza kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo akuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosayenera osati mankhwala okhawo opha tizilombo koma sopo antibacterial. Ndipo izi ndi pokhapokha pamene tikuyang'ana tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe tikudziŵa tsopano. Ndi matenda opatsirana omwe akuwuluka, komanso kuti tikhoza kuyenda paliponse padziko lapansi pa ndege zitatu, pali chofunikira kwambiri kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tiphunzitsidwe ndi kukonzekera.
> Zosowa
- Kasper, Dennis L .., Anthony S. Fauci, ndi Stephen L .. Hauser. Mfundo za Harrison za Mankhwala a M'kati. New York: Maphunziro a Mc Graw-Hill, 2015. Print.
- > Smolinska S., Groeger, D., ndi L. O'Mahony. Biology ya Microbiome 1: Kuyanjana ndi Mphamvu ya Immune Response. Zipatala za Gastroenterology za kumpoto kwa America . 2017. 4691): 19-35.