Kwa asayansi ambiri, moyo umakhudza kubereka. Pa chilengedwe, zamoyo monga nkhungu, zomera, ndi mabakiteriya zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga njira zopangira mapuloteni a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) kuti azidzifanizira bwino.
Ndipotu, kuyendetsa bwino ngakhale kumatulutsa kunja kwa zamoyo. Mavairasi ndi chitsanzo cha limbo chachilendo pakati pa amoyo ndi osakhala.
Mwanjira ina, kachilombo kamangokhala makina obala. M'mayendedwe a mavairasi ena, monga kachilombo ka HIV (immunodeficiency virus) (DNA), DNA sichimakhala molekyu yomwe imayambitsa kubereka. Nucleotide ina, RNA (ribonucleic acid), ndilo kuyendetsa galimoto.
Kodi Matenda a Prion Ndi Chiyani?
Prions (omwe amatchulidwa ku United States, maulendo a ku UK) amachotsedwanso ku njira zabwino zowonjezeretsa za DNA ndi RNA. DNA ndi RNA ndi nucleotides, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapuloteni, zomwe zimakhala ndi zamoyo zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zibereke bwino. A prion ndi mapuloteni omwe safuna kuti nucleotide ibale-prion ndi yoposa yodzisamalira yokha.
Pamene mapuloteni a prion osasamalidwa amalowa m'thupi labwino la prion protein, puloteni yeniyeni imasandulika ku prion yowononga matenda ovuta. Chotsatira chake ndi kutaya kwa mapuloteni osinthika.
Panthawi ya matenda a prion, ndi gene gene mutation yomwe imayambitsa kuperewera kwapadera kwa puloteni ya prion. Mwatsoka, awa ndiwo mapuloteni ofanana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maselo a ubongo kuti agwire bwino bwino, ndipo maselo a mitsempha amafa motero, zomwe zimawatsogolera ku matenda aumtima ofulumira kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti matenda opweteka amatha kukhala otupa kwa zaka zambiri, pamene zizindikiro zimatsimikizirika, imfa imatha kutsatira mwamsanga ngati miyezi ingapo.
Pali mitundu ikuluikulu ya matenda a prion omwe amadziwika tsopano mwa anthu: Matenda a Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD), osiyana ndi Creutzfeldt-Jakob matenda (vCJD), kuruka kwa Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS), komanso kuwonongeka kwa mabanja a FFI. Komabe, mitundu yatsopano ya matenda a prion akupezeka.
Mmene Amakhalira
Matenda a Prion angapezeke m'njira zitatu: banja, lopatsidwa, kapena lopuma. Njira yowonjezereka yokhala ndi matenda a prion imawoneka kuti imangokhalapo, popanda chitsimikizo cha matenda kapena cholowa. Pafupifupi mmodzi mwa anthu milioni amapanga mtundu wofala kwambiri wa matenda a prion. Matenda ena a prion, monga CJD, GSS, ndi FFI, akhoza kulandira. Zina zimafalikira ndi kukhudzana kwambiri ndi puloteni ya prion. Mwachitsanzo, kuruka kunkafalikira ndi miyambo yosavomerezeka ku New Guinea. Pamene ankadyera ubongo monga gawo, miyamboyi inadyedwa, ndipo matendawa adzafalikira. Chitsanzo chochepa kwambiri ndi vCJD, chomwe chimadziwika kufalikira kwa nyama kupita kwa anthu tikamadyetsa nyama. Izi zimatchedwa "matenda a ng'ombe amisala," ndipo zimachitika pamene prion ili mu ng'ombe yamoyo. Zinyama zina, monga elk ndi nkhosa, zapezeka kuti nthawi zina zimakhala ndi matenda a prion. Ngakhale si zachilendo, matenda a prion akhoza kufalikira pa zipangizo zopangira opaleshoni.
Zizindikiro
Ngakhale kuti matenda onse a prion amachititsa zizindikiro zosiyanitsa pang'ono, ziphuphu zonse zimaoneka kuti zimakonda kwambiri dongosolo la mitsempha. Ngakhale kuti mabakiteriya kapena mavairasi amamvekanso m'magulu osiyanasiyana a thupi, kuphatikizapo matenda a ubongo, amaoneka kuti amachititsa kuti anthu asamangodziwa, ngakhale kuti mapuloteni okhawo amapezeka m'matumbo osiyanasiyana. Nthawi ingasonyeze kuti njira yofanana ndi yaperepala imayambitsa matenda omwe ali kunja kwa ubongo.
Zomwe zimakhudza dongosolo la mitsempha ndi zodabwitsa. Matenda ambiri a prion amachititsa zomwe zimatchedwa spongiform encephalopathy.
Mawu akuti spongiform amatanthauza kuti matendawa amachotsa minofu ya ubongo, ndipo amapanga mabowo ang'onoang'ono omwe amachititsa kuti minofu ikuwoneka ngati siponji. Kawirikawiri, zotsatira zake zomaliza ndizochititsa kuti munthu azivutika maganizo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti wogwidwayo amalephera kulingalira monga momwe ankagwiritsira ntchito m'miyezi miyezi ingapo. Zizindikilo zina zimaphatikizapo kugwedeza ( ataxia ), kuyenda kosazolowereka monga chorea kapena kunjenjemera , komanso kusintha tulo.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa mantha zokhudza matenda a prion ndi chakuti pakhoza kukhala nthawi yaitali ya makulitsidwe pakati pa munthu wina atapatsidwa chidziwitso ndi pamene akukulitsa zizindikiro. Anthu amatha kupita zaka zambiri zisanachitike kuti ziwombankhanga zomwe amanyamula zikhale zoonekeratu, zomwe zimakhala ndi mavuto a ubongo.
Chithandizo
Tsoka ilo, palibe chithandizo cha matenda a prion. Pomwepo, madokotala akhoza kuyesa kuthandizira kuthetsa zizindikiro zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto. Mu kafukufuku wochepa wa ku Ulaya, mankhwala omwe amachititsa Flupirtine (omwe salipo ku United States) amachepetsa pang'ono kuganiza kwa odwala omwe ali ndi CJD koma sanasinthe moyo wawo. Kuyesedwa kwa mankhwala a chlorpromazine ndi quinacrine sanasonyeze kusintha. Panthawiyi, matenda a prion amakhalabe padziko lonse.
Zotsatira:
Geschwind MD, Shu H, Hamani A, Sejvar JJ, Miller BL. Kuvutika maganizo kwadzidzidzi mofulumira. Annals of Neurology 2008; 64: 97-108.
AH Ropper, Samuels MA. Adams ndi Victor's Principles of Neurology, 9th ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009