Mawerengero amakono ndi zotsatira za kupewa HIV
Ngakhale kulibe mayankho osayenerera ponena za chiopsezo cha munthu kuti adziwe kachilombo ka HIV, pali zochita ndi makhalidwe omwe amachititsa kuti munthu akhale ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Mmodzi mwa awa ndi kugonana kosakwanira (osatetezedwa) ndi kugawaniza singano pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo .
Komanso, mwayi wokhudzana ndi kachirombo ka HIV umawonjezeka pamene munthu ali ndi zifukwa zingapo zoopsya, kuphatikizapo anthu ambiri ogonana nawo; kugwiritsa ntchito mowa kapena mankhwala; kapena kupezeka kwa matenda opatsirana pogonana .
Kuchokera m'malingaliro owonetsetsa, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yanena za mwayi wopezera kachilombo ka HIV ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yowonekera. Izi zimachokera ku chiwopsezo cha HIV ku US, chiyeso chomwe chimayambitsa momwe kachilombo ka HIV kamayambira kawirikawiri pakati pa anthu ena (monga omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo) nthawi yeniyeni.
Ndikofunika, komatu, osati kusokoneza chiŵerengero cha chiwopsezo ndi chiopsezo cha matenda. Mwachitsanzo, chiŵerengero chimodzi pa 100% sichikutanthauza mwayi umodzi wokhala ndi HIV. Chiwerengerocho chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yofananirana pozindikira kuti ndi mitundu iti ya ntchito yomwe ili yoopsa kuposa ena.
Kugonana ndi HIV
Malingana ndi CDC, mwayi wokhala ndi kachilombo koyambitsa chiwerewere ndi munthu amene ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV umadalira mtundu wa kugonana, motere:
- Kugonana kwa abambo : Kuopsa kwake ndi 138 peresenti 10,000 kapena 1,38 peresenti
- Kugonana kwa abambo kosalekeza: Masoka ali 11 pa 10 exposure 10,000 kapena 0.11 peresenti
- Kugonjera kugonana kwa abambo : Ngozi ndi 8 pa 10,000 poyerekeza kapena 0.08 peresenti
- Kugonana kwa amayi okhaokha: Kuopsa kwake ndi 4 pa 10,000 poyerekeza kapena 0.04 peresenti
- Kugonana kwachangu : Ngozi ndi yochepa kwambiri
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti pali mitundu yambiri yomwe imapangitsa mwayi wa munthu kutenga kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa.
Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opatsirana pogonana komanso makondomu amachepetsa chiopsezo cha munthu chotenga kachilombo ka HIV mutatha kugonana ndi 99.2 peresenti. Kuonjezerapo, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) , ingachepetse chiopsezo cha munthu kuti adziwe kachilombo ka HIV ndi oposa 90% m'magulu ena.
Komabe, ma ARV ambiri m'magazi a munthu (monga momwe amayesedwa ndi kachilombo ka HIV ) angapangitse mwayi woti mnzakeyo atenge kachilomboka. Mofananamo, kukhala ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda opatsirana pogonana kumathandiza kwambiri kuti munthu apatsire komanso atenge HIV .
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo komanso HIV
Kugawana ndi singano zowononga kachilombo ka HIV kapena zipangizo zina zamagwiritsire ntchito kachilombo ka HIV kungayambitse HIV kwa munthu yemwe alibe kachilomboka. Malingana ndi CDC, chiopsezo chotumiza kachilombo ka HIV pogwiritsa ntchito singano ndi 63 pa 10,000, kapena 0,63 peresenti.
Kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, zoyesayesa zapangitsa kuti pakhale mapulogalamu osinthanitsa a singano kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa HIV ndi matenda ena othetsera. Masiku ano, pali mapulogalamu oposa 200 ku US akugawira miyeso yoposa 36 miliyoni pachaka. Ku New York State wokha, chiŵerengero cha kachilombo ka HIV pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo anali atachoka pa 52 peresenti mu 1992 kufika peresenti chabe pofika mu 2012.
Chosowa Chotsatira Chingwe ndi Vuto la HIV
Deta yomweyi ikuwonetsa kuti chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV kuchokera ku singano chimavulazidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa magazi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ndi 0.23 peresenti.
Umboni umathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito post exposure prophylaxis m'mapangidwe a zachipatala pogwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera kufukufuku wopita patsogolo omwe amasonyeza chithandizo mkati mwa maola 72 akugwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo chotenga matenda pafupifupi 81 peresenti.
Kuika magazi ndi HIV
Ngakhale kuti chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi kumakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chotenga kachilombo ka HIV pafupifupi 92.5-chiopsezo chenichenicho tsopano sichisakanike chifukwa cha njira zamakono zowunika magazi .
Malingana ndi CDC, kuyambira 1999 mpaka 2013, anthu atatu okha mwa anthu okwana 2.5 miliyoni omwe adalandira magazi adatsimikiziridwa kuti adalandira kachilombo ka HIV chifukwa cha kuwerenga kolakwika .
Kutuluka kwa amayi kupita kwa mwana komanso kachilombo ka HIV
Kupatsirana kwa amayi kupita kwa mwana pa nthawi ya mimba, kubereka, kapena kuyamwa ndi njira yowonjezera yomwe ana amapezera kachirombo ka HIV. Choncho, ndibwino kuti amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV asamayamwitsa (kupatulapo maiko osauka omwe amapeza ubwino wa mkaka ndi zakudya zabwino kuposa chiopsezo cha matenda).
Nkhani yabwino ndi yakuti amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV omwe amatenga mankhwala ochepetsa kachilombo ka HIV pa nthawi yomwe ali ndi mimba akhoza kuchepetsa chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV kupitirira 1 peresenti.
Ku US, kufalitsa kwa amayi kupita kwa mwana kumaonedwa kuti ndi kosawerengeka, pamene kugawidwa kwakukulu kwa mankhwala omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV m'mayiko akutukuka kwachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri m'mayiko ena ovuta kwambiri ku Africa.
Mawu Ochokera
Numeri ndi peresenti ndizokhazikitso chabe. Kutenga kumatha ndipo nthawi zina kumachitika mutatha kugonana kokha kosavomerezeka. Njira yokhayo yodziwira ngati mwapezeka ndi kachirombo ka HIV. Mwa njira iyi, mukhoza kuyamba mankhwala nthawi yomweyo ndikuonetsetsa kuti muli ndi moyo wautali komanso wathanzi.
Zotsatira:
> Dosekun, O. ndi Fox, J. "Zowonongeka za kuopsa kwa makhalidwe osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa HIV." Zomwe zilipo panopa mu HIV ndi Edzi. July 2010; 5 (4): 291-297.
> Kuhar, D .; Henderson, D .; Sungunuka, K .; et al. "Yapangidwira US Guidelines Service Guidelines for Management of Occupational Exposures kwa Human Immunodeficiency Virus ndi Malangizo a Postexposure Prophylaxis." Kugonjetsa matenda ndi matenda opatsirana. August 6, 2013; 34 (9): 875-892.
> Dipatimenti ya Umoyo wa Edzi ku New York. "Kuchepetsa Kuopsa Kowonongeka Kuwongolera Mchitidwe Watsopano Wachilombo ka HIV." Albany, New York; inatulutsidwa pa March 4, 2014.
> Dipatimenti ya US Health and Human Services (DHHS). "Malangizo a Gwiritsirani Ntchito Mankhwala Ochepetsa Matenda a Edzi Amayi Oyembekezera omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV kwa amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV komanso njira zothandizira kuchepetsa kufala kwa HIV ku United States." Rockville, Maryland; Ndondomeko yochokera pa May 21, 2013.
> US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Zowonongeka Zowonongeka Pochepetsa Kuopsa kwa Kugonjetsedwa Kwachibadwa kwa Munthu ndi Magazi ndi Magazi: Mafunso ndi Mayankho." Silver Spring, Maryland; November 2014.