Kodi Maselo Amasowa Ndi Chiyani?

Maselo Ena Aubongo

Mwinamwake mwamvapo za "mutu wakuda" wa ubongo, wopangidwa ndi maselo otchedwa neurons, koma mtundu wochepa wodziwika wa selo ubongo ndi umene umapanga "nkhani yoyera." Izi zimatchedwa maselo a glial.

Kodi Maselo Opatsa Maonekedwe Amatani?

Poyamba, maselo ofunika kwambiri-omwe amatchedwanso glia kapena neuroglia-ankakhulupirira kuti amangomuthandiza. Mawu akuti "glia" kwenikweni amatanthauza "neural glue." Komabe, zatsopano zomwe zapeza posachedwapa, zasonyeza kuti zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana mu ubongo ndi mitsempha yomwe imathamanga m'thupi lanu lonse. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku waphulika ndipo taphunzira zambiri za iwo. Komabe, zambiri zatsala kuti ziphunzire.

Mitundu ya Maselo Achilili

Makamaka maselo amoto amathandizira ma neurons. Ganizirani za iwo ngati dziwe lachinsinsi la kayendedwe kabwino ka mitsempha yanu, kuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito yosamalira ndi kusamalira. Iwo sangathe kuchita ntchito zazikulu, koma popanda iwo, ntchito zazikulu sizikanatheka.

Maselo amtundu wambiri amabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimagwira ntchito zina zomwe zimapangitsa ubongo wanu kugwira ntchito moyenera-kapena ayi, ngati muli ndi matenda omwe amakhudza maselo ofunika awa.

Ndondomeko yanu ya m'mitsempha yanu (CNS) imapangidwa ndi ubongo wanu ndi mitsempha ya mzere wa msana wanu. Mitundu isanu yomwe ilipo mu CNS yanu ndi iyi:

• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Microglia
• Maselo a Ependymal
• Radial glia

Muli ndi maselo oyenda mumtundu wanu wamanjenje (PNS), womwe uli ndi mitsempha pamapeto anu, kutali ndi msana. Mitundu iwiri ya maselo amoto amodzi ndi awa:

• Maselo a Schwann
• Zida za Satellite

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Astrocytes

Mtundu wambiri wa glial cell m'katikati mwa manjenje ndi astrocyte, yomwe imatchedwanso astroglia. The "astro" mbali ya dzina chifukwa imatanthawuza kuti iwo amawoneka ngati nyenyezi, ndi ziwonetsero zikupita pamalo onse.

Ena, otchedwa protoplasmic astrocytes, ali ndi majekesero akuluakulu ndi nthambi zambiri. Zina, zotchedwa astrocyte za fibrous zimakhala ndizitali, manja ochepa omwe amawathandiza mobwerezabwereza. Mtundu wa protoplasmic umapezeka kwambiri pakati pa neurons mu mutu wa imvi pamene matopewa amapezeka mu zoyera. Mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kumeneku, iwo amachita ntchito zomwezo.

Astrocytes ali ndi ntchito zingapo zofunika, monga:

• Kupanga chotchinga cha magazi-ubongo (BBB). BBB ili ngati chitetezo cholimba, kungosiya zinthu zomwe ziyenera kukhala mu ubongo wanu ndikusunga zinthu zomwe zingakhale zovulaza. Tsamba loyikirayi ndilofunika kuti ubongo wanu ukhale wathanzi.
• Kulamulira mankhwala omwe ali pafupi ndi neurons. Mmene njira yotchedwa neurons imalankhulirana ndi mankhwala otchedwa neurotransmitters. Kamodzi kampani ikatumiza uthenga wake ku selo, imakhala pansi pomwepo mpaka nyenyezi imatha kubwezeretsanso njira yotchedwa reuptake . Ndondomeko ya reuptake ndi imene imalimbikitsa mankhwala ambiri, kuphatikizapo anti-depressants. Astrocytes amayeretsanso zomwe zatsalira pamene neuron imamwalira, komanso mavitoni owonjezera a potaziyamu, omwe ndi mankhwala omwe amathandiza kwambiri m'magazi.
• Kuthetsa magazi ku ubongo. Kuti ubongo wanu uchite zinthu molondola, amafunika magazi ena kupita kumadera ake onse. Chigawo chogwira ntchito chimapindula kuposa chokhachokha.
• Kusinthasintha ntchito ya axons. Mankhwalawa ndi yaitali, mbali zowonjezera zazingwe ndi maselo a mitsempha omwe amachititsa magetsi kutumiza mauthenga kuchokera ku selo imodzi kupita ku mzake.

Matenda a astrocyte amatha kugwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda ambiri a mpweya, kuphatikizapo:

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS kapena matenda a Lou Gehrig)
• Chosingalira cha Huntington
• Matenda a Parkinson

Zilombo zamtundu wa matenda a astrocyte zikuthandiza ochita kafukufuku kudziwa zambiri zokhudza iwo ndi chiyembekezo chopeza njira zatsopano zothandizira.

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Oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocyte amachokera ku neural stem maselo. Mawuwa amapangidwa ndi mawu achigriki omwe, palimodzi, amatanthauza "maselo okhala ndi nthambi zingapo." Cholinga chawo chachikulu ndikuthandizira kudziwa zambiri kusuntha mofulumira.

Oligodendrocyte amawoneka ngati mipira yambiri. Malingaliro a spikes awo ndi oyera, owala omwe amawombera kuzungulira mitsempha pamaselo amitsempha. Cholinga chawo ndi kupanga chingwe chotetezera, monga kusungunula pulasitiki pa mawaya a magetsi. Mpweya wotetezawu umatchedwa sheel ya myelin.

Chimake sichiri chopitirira, ngakhalebe. Pali kusiyana pakati pa nembanemba yomwe imatchedwa "nthano ya Ranvier," ndipo ndi nthano yomwe imathandiza zizindikiro zamagetsi kufalikira bwino mosamala maselo a mitsempha. Chizindikirocho chimachokera ku mfundo imodzi mpaka yotsatira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino komanso limachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zowonjezera. Zisonyezo pafupi ndi mitsempha yanga imatha kuyenda mofulumira ngati mailosi 200 pamphindi.

Pa kubadwa, mumangokhala ndi mazoni angapo a myelinated, ndipo kuchuluka kwa iwo kumakula kufikira muli pafupi zaka 25 mpaka 30. Kusungulumwa kumakhulupirira kuti kumagwira ntchito yofunikira mu nzeru.

Oligodendrocyte amaperekanso bata ndi kutenga mphamvu kuchokera ku maselo a magazi kupita ku axons.

Mawu akuti "sheel myelin" angakhale ozoloŵera kwa inu chifukwa chogwirizana ndi multiple sclerosis . Mu matendawa, amakhulupirira kuti chitetezo cha thupi chimagonjetsa ziwalo za myelin, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a neuroni ndi ubongo wosagwira ntchito. Kuvulala kwa msana kumatha kuonongeka ku ma sheaths.

Matenda ena omwe amakhulupirira kuti amagwirizanitsidwa ndi oligodendrocyte osagwira ntchito ndi awa:

• Leukodystrophies
• Ziphuphu zimatchedwa oligodendrogliomas
• Schizophrenia
• Matenda a bipolar

Kafukufuku wina amasonyeza kuti oligodendrocytes akhoza kuonongeka ndi neurotransmitter glutamate, yomwe, pakati pa zina, imayambitsa mbali za ubongo wanu kuti muthe kulingalira ndi kuphunzira zatsopano. Komabe, m'mwamba kwambiri, glutamate imatengedwa kuti "excitotoxin," zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimatha kupitirira maselo ambiri mpaka kufa.

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Microglia

Monga momwe dzina lawo limasonyezera, microglia ndi maselo ang'onoting'onoting'onoting'ono. Amakhala ngati chitetezo cha ubongo, chomwe chili chofunikira chifukwa BBB imachokera mu ubongo kuchokera ku thupi lanu lonse.

Microglia akuyang'anira zizindikiro za kuvulala ndi matenda. Akachizindikira, amatha kubweretsa vutoli-kutanthauza kuchotsa maselo akufa kapena kuchotsa poizoni kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Akalabadira, microglia amachititsa kutupa monga gawo la machiritso. Nthawi zina, monga matenda a Alzheimer's , amatha kukhala otetezedwa kwambiri ndipo amachititsa kutupa kwambiri. Izi zimakhulupirira kuti zimatsogolera kumapanga a amyloid ndi mavuto ena okhudzana ndi matendawa.

Pamodzi ndi matenda a Alzheimer's, matenda omwe angakhale okhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa microglial ndi awa:

• Fibromyalgia
• Kupweteka kwapadera kwapakhungu
• Vuto la Autism
• Schizophrenia

Amakhulupirira kuti Microglia ali ndi ntchito zochuluka kuposa izi, kuphatikizapo maudindo a pulasitiki omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kuphunzira ndipo amatsogolera kukula kwa ubongo, komwe amakhala ndi ntchito yofunikira kwambiri yosamalira nyumba.

Ubongo wathu umapanga mgwirizano wambiri pakati pa neurons womwe umawalola iwo kuti apitirize kudziwa mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo. Ndipotu ubongo umapanga zambiri kuposa momwe timafunikira, zomwe sizothandiza. Microglia amatha kusinthasintha zosafunikira ndi kuziwongolera, monganso mlimi akulima maluwa kuti asamakhale wathanzi.

Kafukufuku wa microglial watha tsopano m'zaka zaposachedwapa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti adziwe zambiri za maudindo awo m'thupi ndi matenda omwe ali pakatikati.

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Ma cell Ependymal

Maselo a Ependymal amadziŵika kwambiri popanga membrane yotchedwa ependyma, yomwe ndi yopapatiza yowonjezera chingwe chapakati cha msana wam'mimba ndi zitsulo zam'mimba za ubongo. Amapanganso cerebrospinal madzi .

Maselo a Ependymal ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo amamangirirana pamodzi kuti apange nembanemba. Mkati mwa zinyama, iwo ali ndi cilia, omwe amawoneka ngati tsitsi laling'onoting'ono, kamene kamagwedeza kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo kuti atenge mchere wambiri.

Madzi amadzimadzi amatulutsa zakudya zowonongeka ndi kuchotsa zonyansa kuchokera mu ubongo ndi mzere wa msana. Imathandizanso kuti mukhale ndi chithunzithunzi pakati pa ubongo ndi chigaza. N'kofunikanso kuti ubongo wanu ukhale pakhomo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuteteza kutentha kwake ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Maselo a Ependymal amathandizidwanso mu BBB.

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Radial Glia

Glidiyali amakhulupirira kuti ndi mtundu wa maselo a tsinde , kutanthauza kuti amapanga maselo ena. Mu ubongo wopita patsogolo, iwo ndi "makolo" a neurons, astrocytes, ndi oligodendrocytes. Pamene mudali mluza, amaperekanso scaffolding for neurons yopanga, chifukwa cha utali wautali womwe umatsogolera maselo a ubongo akakhalapo pamene ubongo wanu umapanga.

Udindo wawo monga maselo amadzimadzi, makamaka monga opanga a neurons, amawapangitsa iwo kukhala patsogolo pa kufufuza momwe angakonzerere ubongo wa ubongo ku matenda kapena kuvulala.

Pambuyo pa moyo, amachitanso maudindo a ubongo.

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Maselo a Schwann

Maselo a Schwann amatchulidwa kuti ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya thupi, Theodor Schwann, amene adawapeza. Amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi oligodendrocyte chifukwa amapereka mankhwala a myelin kwa axons, koma amakhala mu dongosolo la mitsempha yambiri (PNS) m'malo mwa CNS.

Komabe, mmalo mokhala ndi selo yapakati ndi manja opindikizana, maselo a Schwann amapanga miyendo molunjika pafupi ndi axon. Node za Ranvier zimakhala pakati pawo, monga momwe zimagwirira ntchito pakati pa ziwalo za oligodendrocytes, ndipo zimathandizira kutsekula kwa mitsempha mwanjira yomweyo.

Maselo a Schwann amakhalanso mbali ya chitetezo cha mthupi cha PNS. Pamene mitsempha ya mitsempha yowonongeka, iwo amatha, makamaka, kudya mitsempha ya mitsempha ndi kupereka njira yotetezedwa ya axon yatsopano kupanga.

Matenda okhudza maselo a Schwann ndi awa:

• Matenda a Guillain-Barre
• Matenda a Charcot-Marie-Tooth
• Schwannomatosis
• Matenda osakanikirana omwe amachititsa kuti thupi likhale lopanda mphamvu
• Khate

Takhala ndi kafukufuku wodalirika pa kuika maselo a Schwann kuvulala kwa msana ndi zina za kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha.

Maselo a Schwann amathandizidwa ndi mitundu ina ya ululu wosatha. Kuwotcha kwawo pambuyo powonongeka kwa mitsempha kungapangitse kutayika kwa mtundu wa mitsempha yotchedwa nociceptors , yomwe imadziwa kuti chilengedwe chimakhala ngati kutentha ndi kuzizira.

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Ma cell Satellite

Ma cell Satellite amatchula dzina lawo pozungulira mazati ena, ndi ma satellita angapo omwe amapanga mpweya kuzungulira makompyuta. Tangoyamba kumene kuphunzira za maselowa koma ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ali ofanana ndi astrocytes.

Cholinga chachikulu cha maselo a satana chimaoneka ngati chilengedwe chozungulira mapulaneti, kusunga mankhwala moyenera.

Mapuloteni omwe ali ndi maselo a satana amapanga zinthu zina zotchedwa gangila, zomwe ndi magulu a maselo a mitsempha m'magulu otetezeka a mitsempha komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi. Ndondomeko yamatenda yowonongeka imayendetsa ziwalo zanu zamkati, pamene dongosolo lanu lachinsinsi limakulolani kuwona, kumva, kununkhiza, kugwira, ndi kulawa.

Ma cell satellite amapereka zakudya kwa neuron ndi kutenga poizoni wolemera kwambiri, monga mercury ndi kutsogolera, kuti asawononge neurons.

Amakhulupiriranso kuti amathandiza zonyamulira mavoti osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zina, kuphatikizapo:

• Glutamate
• GABA
• Norepinephrine
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Thupi P
• Capsaicin
• Acetylcholine

Mofanana ndi microglia, maselo a satana amazindikira ndi kuyankha kuvulala ndi kutupa. Komabe, ntchito yawo yokonza kusokoneza maselo sikumveka bwino.

Maselo a satana amawoneka ndi ululu wosaneneka wokhudzana ndi kuvulala kwa minofu, kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha, ndi kupweteka kwapadera (hyperalgesia) komwe kungabwere chifukwa cha chemotherapy.

Mawu Ochokera

Zambiri mwa zomwe timadziwa, kukhulupirira, kapena kukayikira zokhudzana ndi maselo amodzi ndi zatsopano. Maselo amenewa akutithandiza kumvetsa momwe ubongo umagwirira ntchito ndi zomwe zimachitika pamene zinthu sizigwira ntchito monga momwe ziyenera kukhalira.

Ndizowona kuti tili ndi zambiri zoti tiphunzire za glia, ndipo tikhoza kupeza mankhwala atsopano chifukwa cha matenda ambirimbiri pamene chidziwitso chathu chikukula.

> Zotsatira:

> Gosselin RD, Suter MR, Ji RR, Decosterd I. Glial maselo ndi ululu wosatha. Wasayansi. 2010 Oct; 16 (5): 519-31.

> Kriegstein A, Alvarez-Buylla A. Chikhalidwe cha ma embryonic ndi akulu akulu a mitsempha. Kupenda chaka ndi chaka cha sayansi ya ubongo. 2009; 32: 149-84.

> Ohara PT, Vit JP, Bhargava A, Jasmin L. Umboni wa ntchito ya Connexin 43 mu Trigeminal Pain Pogwiritsa ntchito RNA Kusokoneza Mu Vivo. Journal of neurophysiology. 2008 Dec; 100 (6): 3064-73.