Kusintha kwa Chromosome mu Leukemia ndi Lymphomas
Mwachidule
Kusuntha kuli mtundu wa kusintha kosasintha mu kapangidwe ka chromosome kamene kamapezeka pamene mbali ya chromosome imatha ndikugwiritsanso wina chromosome. "Kusintha" kumeneku ndiko chifukwa chachikulu cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma lymphomas ndi leukemias .
Zochitika
Ma chromosomes athu amasunga mauthenga onse omwe makolo athu amawapeza. Tili ndi maselo 23 a chromosomes - 1 yochokera kwa amayi athu ndi oyikidwa 1 kuchokera kwa makolo athu - kwa ma kromosomu 46 onse.
Pa chromosome iliyonse muli majini ambirimbiri omwe amalemba chilichonse kuchokera mu mtundu wa maso athu kwa mapulotini omwe amachititsa kuti magawo a maselo awonongeke m'thupi lathu.
Pamene maselo athu agawanika, timapepala timene timapanga timene timapanga. Nthawi zina izi zimachitika molakwika, ndipo gawo lina la chromosome limatha kukhala ndi chromosome ina.
Tikamayankhula za kusintha kwa majeremusi pa khansara, ikhoza kusokoneza kwambiri, choncho tikufuna kutsimikizira kuti kusiyana komweku ndi kosavuta. Zina mwa kusintha kwa majini ndizobadwa ndipo zimatchedwa kusintha kwa majeremusi , mtundu wa kusintha kwa thupi kapena kusintha kwa majeremusi komwe mumakhala nawo kuyambira kubadwa, koma kusintha kwakukulu kwa majeremusi komwe mumamva kawirikawiri kumatengedwa kapena kusintha kwasinthika - kusintha kwa thupi ndi kusintha kwa majini zomwe zimachitika m'thupi lanu pambuyo kubadwa ndi kenako mmoyo.
Mitundu
Pali mitundu iwiri ya translocation.
- Kupititsa patsogolo moyenera - Pakati pa translocation, magawo ofanana a ma chromosomes amasinthana, kotero palibe chidziwitso chowonjezera kapena chosowa chachibadwa.
- Kupititsa patsogolo kosagwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda malire - Mu kusintha kosasinthasintha, kusinthanitsa kumaphatikizapo mbali zosiyana za chromosome ndipo zimatsogolera ku majini owonjezera kapena osowa.
Kusuntha kumawonetsedwa pogwiritsira ntchito kachilombo kochepa "t" ndi ma chromosomes omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mabakiteriya. Mwachitsanzo, kutumiza pakati pa chromosomes 9 ndi chromosome 22 kungasonyezedwe ndi t (9; 22).
Kuyanjana ndi Khansa
Translocation ndi mtundu wa kuvulala kwa majeremusi zomwe zingayambitse jini yeniyeni kuti ikhale geni yowononga khansa. Asayansi samadziwa bwino chimene chimayambitsa kusintha kwa chromosomal, koma zina mwazidziwitso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha ma lymphomas ndi leukemia chidziwike, ndipo zina zowonongeka zowonongeka zingayambe kuwonongeka kwa majini. Kusintha kumeneku kungakhalenso pamene DNA m'maselo athu ikuwonongeka ndi poizoni kapena matenda a tizilombo. Komabe, zikhoza kuchitika chifukwa cha "kulakwitsa" muchitidwe wamba wa magawano a selo, nayenso. Popeza maselo athu agawanika m'nthaŵi yathu yonse ya moyo, mwayi kuti "kulakwitsa" mugawidwe kudzachitika kumawonjezera okalamba. Izi zikuganiza kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe khansa zambiri zimakhudzira kwambiri omwe timakhala nawo kale.
Kuti mumvetsetse momwe kusintha kwa HIV kumakhudzira chiopsezo cha khansa kungathandize kumvetsetsa pang'ono za momwe chibadwa chimasinthira ndi kusintha kwake kumayambitsa khansa . Zimaganizidwe kuti kusinthako kungagwire ntchito poyambitsa ma jekeseni (majeremusi oyambitsa khansa), kapena mwa kutulutsa zithunzithunzi zolepheretsa kupweteka kwa majeremusi. Majeremusi amtundu wambiri ndi majini omwe amathandiza kuyendetsa masankhulidwe a ma cell omwe, atakhala opanda mphamvu, angapangitse khansa; iwo amakhala ngati dongosolo lophwanyika mugalimoto, pamene oncogenes amachita mofanana ngati accelerator yomwe imatsamira pa malo ake.
Kawirikawiri, kusintha kumeneku kumayambitsa ma leukemias ndi maimymphomas chifukwa cha kusintha kwa DNA, koma izi sizili choncho nthawi zonse. Kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikiza kwa kusintha kwa majini kusiyana ndi chimodzi kapena ziwiri zomwe zimayambitsa khansara, ndipo nthawi zina, zina mwa kusintha kumeneku zingachitike musanabadwe. Mwachitsanzo, ana ena omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'magazi yoopsa, amayamba kusintha kwambiri pamene mwana akadali m'mimba.
Khansa ya Magazi (Leukemias ndi Lymphomas)
Kusintha kwa chromosomal kumathandiza kwambiri pa khansa ya magazi. Zikuoneka kuti kusintha kumeneku kulipo mpaka 90% ya amymphomas komanso 50% ya leukemias.
Zina zomwe zimaphatikizapo khansa ya magazi zikuphatikizapo:
- T (8; 21) - Matenda a myeloblastic leukemia ndi kusakaniza
- T (9; 22), dziwani kuti "Philadelphia Chromosome" - Matenda a myelogenous leukemia (CML) ndi Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- t (15; 17) - Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)
- T (12; 15), t (1; 12) - Mthemphasiyumu yambiri ya m'magazi (AML)
- T (2; 5) - Anaplastic lalikulu cell lymphoma
- T (8; 14) - Burkitt's lymphoma
- t (11; 14) - Mantle cell lymphoma
- T (14; 18) - Follicular lymphoma
Mawu Ochokera
Madokotala amapeza kutuluka kwa chromosome pamene akufufuza zenizeni za zitsanzo za biopsy. Kupeza koteroko sikuthandiza kokha kuzindikira matendawa, komanso kukonzekera chithandizo ndi kulongosola zotsatira za mankhwala. Zina mwazolowera, mwina zikhoza kuwonetsa matenda omwe sagwirizana kwambiri ndi mankhwala a chemotherapy. Komabe, munthu aliyense ndi wosiyana, ndipo ngakhale anthu awiri omwe ali ndi translocation yomweyo akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri.
Zotsatira:
American Cancer Society. Kodi tikudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa matenda a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma? Kusinthidwa 01/22/16. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkinlymphoma/detailedguide/non-hodgkin-lymphoma-whatcacauses
National Cancer Institute. Kuchiza Mankhwala Ochepetsa Matenda a Mthemphasi - Health Professional Version (PDQ). Kusinthidwa 12/10/15. http://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/child-all-treatment-pdq#link/_67_toc
Nambiar, M., ndi S. Raghavan. Kodi DNA imasokonekera motani pa nthawi yopititsa chromosomal? Nucleic Acid Research . 2011. 39 (14): 5813-5825.