Kumvetsa Khansa Yamtundu, Kuyezetsa Mankhwala, ndi Mavuto
Kodi kwenikweni khansa ya chibadwidwe ndi chiyani? Ndikulankhula za mayeso oyeza ma "genetic tests" ndi "majeremusi a khansa ya m'mawere," anthu ambiri ayamba kudzifunsa ngati khansara "inalembedwa mu nyenyezi." Choncho, ndikofunika kumvetsetsa zomwe zimapangidwira maumwini, komanso zomwe mungachite kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chanu ngati muli ndi mbiri ya khansa.
Kodi Khansa Yamtundu Wotani Kapena Zosakaniza Zambiri?
Khansara yaumphawi imatchula khansa yomwe imakhala yovuta kuchitika mwa anthu ena kuposa ena pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe awo.
Khansa yodetsedwa ndi khansara yomwe yapangidwa chifukwa cha jini mutation kapena zina zosabadwa zachibadwa zomwe zidaperekedwa kuchokera kwa kholo kupita kwa mwana. Kupindula ndi kusintha kwa jini sikukutanthawuza kuti mudzakhala ndi khansa, koma ndithudi kumawonjezera chiopsezo (poyerekeza ndi munthu yemwe sanatengere gene mutated). Khansa yomwe imapezeka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli, imatchedwa "khansa yachibadwa ."
Khansa siinatengedwe, mmalo mwake, mumakhala ndi jini (kapena kuphatikiza kwa majini kapena zina zosabadwa monga kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukonzanso zinthu) zomwe zingakuchititseni kugwidwa ndi khansara, ndipo zowonjezereka zingakhale zochepa kapena zazikulu, malingana ndi jini zifukwa zina zoopsa kapena kuphatikiza kwa majini.
Kukhala ndi chibadwa cha gene mutation zomwe zingayambitse khansa kumatanthauza kuti muli ndi " chibadwa " cha khansa - ndiko kuti, muli ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi khansa kusiyana ndi anthu onse.
Genetic Mutations ndi Cancer
Pali mitundu iwiri ya kusintha kwa majini yomwe ingayambitse khansa:
- Kusintha kwamasamba
- Zomwe zinasintha
Kusintha kwa majeremusi kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa khansara, koma si khansa yonse yomwe imakhala ndi cholowa, monga momwe khansa zambiri zimakhala ndi zotsatira zenizeni za kusintha kwa thupi (kusintha kumene kumachitika pambuyo pa kubadwa).
Pamoyo wathu, majini athu amatha kusinthasintha chifukwa chopezeka ndi khansa (zomwe zimayambitsa khansara), komanso chifukwa cha maselo a maselo:
- Nthawi iliyonse selo ligawanika, liyenera kupanga kopi yeniyeni ya DNA yonse mu selo.
- DNA iyi ikhoza kuwonongeka (kusinthika) mwachangu chabe ngati ngozi panthawi yopatukana.
- Zosintha zomwe zimachitika panthawi yogawidwa ndi chifukwa chake khansara imakhala yowonjezereka kwambiri omwe timalandira. Ndi chifukwa chake kutupa kosatha, monga mtundu umene umapezeka pakamwa ndi m'mapapo ndi kusuta, ukhoza kubweretsa khansa.
- Nthaŵi zambiri zomwe zimawonongeka ku DNA, mwina zimakonzedwa, kapena selo likudutsa mu njira yopangidwa ndi maselo imfa (apoptosis).
Chifukwa chomwe ife tonse sititenga khansa nthawi zonse ndikuti tili ndi njira zothetsera kuwonongeka kosapeŵeka komwe kumachitika mu DNA yathu. Zina mwa majini athu amatchedwa chifuwa chogonjetsa majini. Kachilombo koyambitsa matenda amtundu wa mapuloteni omwe amachititsa kuti DNA iwonongeke m'maselo athu. Pamene chotupa chimayambitsa zamoyo zimasinthidwa, amalemba mapuloteni omwe sagwira bwino ntchitoyi pokonzanso ntchitoyi, ndipo maselo oonongeka amaloledwa kukhala ndi kuchulukana ndikukhala chotupa (khansara).
Kodi N'chiyani Chimachititsa Khansa Kukhala Osungira?
Mayi aliyense amapereka jini yawo kwa mwana wawo kuti mwanayo abadwe ndi makope awiri a jini m'thupi lawo (imodzi kuchokera kwa mayi ndi imodzi kuchokera kwa bambo). Anthu ambiri amabadwa ndi mapepala awiri omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambirira, koma munthu amene ali ndi choloŵa chokhala ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a khansa (yomwe imateteza khansa) kumatanthauza kuti chiopsezo cha khansa chikuwonjezeka.
Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa ndi BRCA1 ndi BRCA2 majini. Mitundu yambiri ya kusintha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya BRCA1 ndi BRCA2 yadziwika, ena mwa iwo adatsimikiza kukhala ovulaza ndi kuonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa ngati majini osinthika amaperekedwa kwa ana.
Mbiri ya Banja ya Khansa: Kodi Mwayesedwa?
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti pali khansa yomwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri kusiyana ndi ena kuti akhale ndi chiwalo cha chibadwa. Palinso khansa yomwe imayenda pamodzi m'magulu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wina ali ndi mbiri ya banja la khansa ya m'mawere oyambirira komanso achibale ena omwe ali ndi khansa ya pancreatic mukhoza kuganiza kuti BRCA2 gene mutation. Anthu omwe ali ndi khansa ya coloni ali ndi chiopsezo chochepa chokhala ndi khansa ya m'mawere. Pozindikira chiopsezo, aphungu amtunduwu amayang'ana zinthu zingapo:
- Chiwerengero cha achibale omwe ali ndi khansa (onse khansa ndi khansara iliyonse).
- Mitundu ya khansara (monga taonera poyamba, ena khansa amatha kuthamanga m'banja kusiyana ndi ena.)
- Kuphatikiza kwa khansa mitundu - Nthaŵi zambiri sichidziwika kuti kuphatikiza khansa kungatengedwe kuti ili ndi chiyanjano chachikulu kuposa anthu awiri a m'banja omwe ali ndi khansa pamalo amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha BRCA2 chimasintha kansera ya m'mawere pachilombo chimodzi, khansara ya m'magazi ina, khansara ya prostate mu 3, ndi kansa ya pancreatic mu 4th. Kusakaniza monga izi kungakhale kovuta kwambiri kuposa kupeza khansara ya m'mawere mu achibale asanu ndi limodzi kapena asanu ndi atatu. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti aliyense ayenera kutenga mbiri ya banja yosamala kwambiri ya khansa m'mabanja awo kukambirana ndi madokotala awo.
- Khansa ndi chiwerewere - Chitsanzo cha kugonana chomwe chimakhudza chiopsezo cha khansa ya abambo ndi khansa ya m'mawere, kumene khansa ya m'mawere pakati pa amuna nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi chigawo cha chibadwa kusiyana ndi khansa ya m'mawere kwa amayi.
- Chiwerengero cha achibale omwe ali ndi matenda ndi chofunikanso. Ndithudi, chiopsezo chanu chokhala ndi khansa ya coloni ndi chachikulu ngati amayi anu, amalume, ndi m'bale ali ndi matenda m'malo mwa kukhala ndi mmodzi yekha mwa achibalewa ndi matendawa.
Kulemba mbiri yanu ya banja lanu kungakuthandizeni kudziwa ngati muli ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana. Anthu ena angasankhe kufufuza mayendedwe a majini kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi jini la mutated. Pakadutsa, ndipo tsopano kuti tili ndi mayesero angapo omwe alipo, aliyense ayenera kulemba mbiri yakale ya khansa m'banja lawo kuti awonetsere ndi dokotala wawo wamkulu pa nthawi ya thupi.
Kupereka Uphungu kwa Zachibadwa ndi Kuyesedwa
Ndikofunika kupyolera mu uphungu wokhudzana ndi majeremusi ngati mukuganiza za kuyesa ma genetic. Chifukwa chimodzi ndikuti mumvetsetse njira zoyesera ndi zotsatira ndipo mwakonzekera yankho lililonse. Chofunika kwambiri ndizovuta kuzidziwitsa zomwe sizikuyesedwa, koma kuchokera pa mbiri yokhayo zingakulangizidwe kuti muyesedwe koyezetsa koonjezera.
Kuyezetsa magazi kumakhala kosavuta ngati kuyesa magazi mwamsanga, koma sikumphweka. Monga chitsanzo chofulumira, ngati muli ndi mamembala omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'mawere ndi kusintha kwa mtundu wa BRCA2, kusintha kumeneku kungayesedwe. Kupanda kutero, gulu lodzaza kuti liwonetse kusintha konse mu gene BRCA2 yokha lingagule madola zikwi zingapo. Poganizira izi ndi mayesero amodzi okha, mukhoza kuona kumene izi zikuchitika.
Patapita nthawi komanso polojekiti yaumunthu yomaliza, mtundu uwu wa kuyezetsa uyenera kusintha, koma sayansi imakhalabe, m'njira zambiri, kuyambira ali mwana.
Zina mwa mfundo zomwe mungaganizire ndi kukambirana ndi jiniyo musanakhale ndi mayeso oyenerera:
- Kodi mungatani ndipo mungamve bwanji mutaphunzira kuti muli ndi chibadwa cha khansa?
- Zotsatira zake ndi zolondola bwanji?
- Kodi mayesowa akukuuzani chiyani?
- Kodi zolephera za mayeso ndi ziti?
Kuyezetsa magazi kungakuuzeni kuti mumayambira ku gene gene mutation yomwe imatha kukupangitsani ku khansa ya mtundu wina (kapena zambiri). Kwa ambiri khansa, pali mantha kuti kuyesera kwa majeremusi kudzapereka anthu chitsimikizo chonyenga ponena za kusowa kwa chiopsezo. Tiyeni tione angapo khansa.
Khansa ya M'bwere: Kodi Ndi Yachibadwa?
Kansara ya pachifuwa imayendetsedwa m'mabanja pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya khansa ya m'mawere imatengedwa ngati "majini."
Anthu ambiri amadziwika ndi kusintha kwa majeremusi a BRCA1 / BRCA2 ndi khansa ya m'mawere. Pamene Angelina Jolie anali ndi vuto lake loteteza matendawa chifukwa cha kusintha kumeneku, anthu adayamba kuyesa kuyesa ma jini awa. Mwatsoka, kuyesa kwa majini awa sikungokhala ngati "kuyesa magazi" monga pali njira zambiri zomwe majeremusi a BRCA1 ndi BRCA2 angasinthire.
BRCA1 ndi BRCA2 ndi zotupa zowonongeka za majeremusi. Ma jini amenewa amachokera ku machitidwe a autosomal, omwe amatanthauza kuti ma jini anu onse ayenera kusinthidwa kuti apangitse khansa ya m'mawere. Ngati mukuganiza zoyezetsa, musaphonye maganizo awa ngati mukuyenera kukhala ndi khansa ya m'mawere.
Matenda a khansara ndi ovuta kwambiri kuposa awa. Mwachitsanzo, pangakhale kusinthasintha kwazinthu zamagetsi - majini omwe ali ngati accelerator oyendetsa galimoto. Pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kumeneku, pangakhale kusintha kwa mtundu umodzi wa jini (autosomal dominant.) Mosiyana, zinyama zambiri zowononga zamoyo zimatengera monga momwe taonera pamwambapa. Kuonjezera apo, pali zifukwa zina zambiri ndi njira zovuta kuzithetsera pano, ndipo khansa zambiri zimayambitsidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwasinthana (ndi zochepa zosiyana) kuphatikizapo mazinyolo ndi mapuloteni otha kupweteka, komanso kusintha kwakukulu, komwekukuchitika pambuyo kubadwa.
Kansa ya Prostate
Khansara ya prostate ingathenso kuyendetsa mabanja, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti pali kugwirizana pakati pa prostate ndi khansa ya m'mawere .
Ngati muli ndi mbiri ya banja la khansa ya prostate, onetsetsani kuti mukuyankhula ndi dokotala wanu. Mwachitsanzo, kuyezetsa PSA kungapulumutse miyoyo , koma osati kwa osadziwa zambiri. Khansara ya prostate imakhala yochuluka kwambiri, chifukwa chiŵerengero cha khansa ya prostate chikhoza kukhala chapamwamba kuposa 60 peresenti, ngakhale kuti 5 mpaka 10 peresenti yokhayo amaganiza kuti ikugwirizana ndi chibadwa cha majeremusi. Ngati bambo kapena mbale wanu ali ndi kansa ya prostate, chiwopsezo chanu chimaposa kawiri kawiri munthu wina yemwe alibe banja lake.
Kuwonetsera kwa Khansara ya Colon
Pali zinthu zingapo zoti mumvetsetse ndi khansara ya colon - kapena "mitundu" yambiri yowonongeka. Pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya anthu omwe amakhala ndi khansa ya coloni ali ndi mbiri ya banja. Kachilombo ka khansa ya colon ikhoza kuperekedwa m'njira zingapo:
- Mukhoza kukhala ndi mbiri ya banja la khansa ya coloni.
- Mukhoza kukhala ndi matenda a khansa ya khansa monga Lynch syndrome (khansa yosabadwa ya polyposis yoipa kwambiri (HNPCC)), matenda a adenomatous polyposis syndrome, kapena ana a polyposis syndrome .
- Mutha kukhala ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amabwera m'banja mwanu, monga matenda a Crohn kapena ulcerative colitis, zomwe zingakulepheretseni kukhala ndi khansa yamtunda.
Kansa ina ndi Genetics
Zina mwazobadwa za khansa zimakhala ndi khansa zambiri komanso khansa zingapo kuphatikizapo zomwe tatchulidwa pamwambazi zimakhala ndi ziwalo zapachibadwa. Anthu ambiri sakudziwa zoopsa za majini, mwachitsanzo, kuti 55 peresenti ya chiopsezo cha khansa ya munthu ndi chifukwa cha majeremusi , kapena kuti, omwe amasuta fodya omwe ali ndi kusintha kwa BRCA2 ali ndi chiopsezo cha khansa ya m'mapapo kawiri . Izi zimangowonjezera chifukwa chake ndi kofunikira kulankhula ndi dokotala wanu ndikugawana mbiri yakale ya banja.
Kodi Gwero la Gene Lingakupangitseni Kutaya Inshuwalansi Yanu?
Bungwe la Federal Health Portability Act (HIPAA) limaletsa tsankho pakati pa anthu pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso omwe ali ndi khansa yokhudzana ndi umoyo wathanzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndikofunikira kulingalira momwe mungayesere poyezetsa magazi pogwiritsa ntchito inshuwalansi ya moyo wanu komanso zina zomwe mungakambirane za mayesero.
Kodi Kupanga Kachibadwa kwa Khansa Kumakhala Koipa Konse?
Mwinamwake ichi chinali njira yonyenga yobweretsera mfundo yofunikira komanso yomaliza. Ndithudi, simukufuna kuti mukhale ndi khansa, kapena mutenga jini lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi khansa. Koma kudziŵa za chiopsezo cha chibadwa - ndikuchitapo kanthu pa chidziwitso chimenecho - kungakusiye pamalo abwino kwambiri kusiyana ndi kuti simunakhale ndi chiopsezo. Mwanjira yanji?
Pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya khansa ya m'mawere imatengedwa kuti ndi majini, kutanthauza 90 peresenti. Amayi ambiri omwe ali ndi mbiri ya banja la khansa ya m'mawere amakhala osamala kwambiri poyesa kufufuza ndi kuwona madokotala awo mwamsanga ngati ali ndi mtanda. Kwa iwo omwe alibe mbiri ya banja, pangakhale kusowa kumodzi komweko kapena angaganize kuti mwinamwake mtanda ulibe chifukwa palibe mbiri ya banja. Pa zochitika zowonazi, mayi yemwe ali ndi chiyanjano akhoza kutenga nthawi mofulumira - ndipo ali ndi khansa yake ya m'mawere yomwe imapezeka pakapita koyambirira kwambiri ya matenda - kusiyana ndi mkazi wopanda mbiri ya banja.
Khansa Yachibadwa Yosamalidwa Ikhoza Kuthamanga Mkwatibwi
Monga cholemba chomaliza, onetsetsani kuti mukutsata njira yothetsera khansa. Ma khansara omwe amawoneka kuti amayendetsa mabanja sangakhale obadwa mwathunthu m'malo mwake chifukwa cha chiwonetsero chofala. Chitsanzo chingakhale banja la osasuta omwe onse amayamba khansa yamapapo. Mmalo mwa izi pokhala ndi chibadwa chogwirizanitsa, zikhoza kukhala kuti onsewa anali atagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa radon m'nyumba.
Zotsatira:
American Society of Clinical Oncology. Cancer.Net. Genetics ya Khansa. Kusinthidwa 08/2015. http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/cancer-basics/genetics/genetics-cancer
Hall, M., Obeid, E., Schwartz S., Mantia-SMaldone, G., Forman, A., ndi M. Daly. Kuyeza kwa majeremusi kachitidwe ka khansa yobadwa: BRCA1 / 2, matenda a Lynch, ndi kupitirira. Gynecologic Oncology . 2016. 140 (3): 565-74.
National Cancer Institute. Kansa ya Genetic Overview - Health Professional Version (PDQ). Kusinthidwa 01/15/16. http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/overview-pdq
National Cancer Institute. Genetics ya Khansa. Kusinthidwa 04/22/15. http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics
National Cancer Institute. Mankhwala a Khansa ya Prostate - Health Professional Version (PDQ). Kusinthidwa 02/12/16. http://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-genetics-pdq