Buku Lopereka Matenda Odwala Matenda Okhudzana ndi Matenda a Khungu
Kumvetsetsa za matenda a khansa komanso momwe zimakhudzira chigawenga kungamve ngati ntchito yovuta. Koma kutenga nthawi yochita izo kungakuthandizeni kumvetsa bwino chiopsezo chanu - ndi zomwe mungachitepo.
Cancer Genetics
Khansara imayamba pamene imodzi kapena zingapo za majeremusi mu selo mutate (kusintha kuchokera ku mawonekedwe awo). Izi zimapanga mapuloteni osadziwika kapena mapuloteni konse, onse omwe amachititsa maselo osinthika kuti abwere mosalekeza.
Pali majini ochulukirapo omwe akufufuzidwa chifukwa cha mankhwala awo a khansa ya khansa, kuphatikizapo majini omwe anabadwa nawo ndi zilema zomwe zimapezeka chifukwa cha chilengedwe, monga kutuluka kwa dzuwa . Pakalipano, mchitidwe wosiyana siyana wa chibadwa umakhala ndi 1% ya onse omwe ali ndi matenda a melanoma, ngakhale kuphunzira kwa mapasa ndi khansa ya malanoma ya 2009 kunasonyeza kuti 55 peresenti ya chiwerengero cha khansa ya munthu imakhala chifukwa cha zibadwa. Kafukufuku m'dera lovuta kwambiri akadali akadakalipo, komabe ziyembekezo ndizakuti posachedwapa, kuyesera kwa majeremusi kudzathandiza kutsogolera kuwonetsa kansa, matenda , ndi chithandizo .
Zosintha za Gene Genetic mu Melanoma
Zitsanzo za kusintha kwa majini zomwe zidaperekedwa kuchokera kwa kholo kupita kwa mwana ndizo zotsatirazi:
CDKN2A - Kusinthika kwazomwe mukuyendetsa maselo a selo ndizomwe zimayambitsa matenda a melanoma. Zosinthika izi, komabe, sizinali zachilendo kawirikawiri komanso zimawoneka m'matenda omwe sali obadwa nawo a melanoma.
Anthu omwe ali ndi khansa ya khansa imakhala ndi nthenda yambiri ya dysplastic nevi ndipo amapezeka ndi khansa ya khansa (35 mpaka 40). Popeza anthu 70% omwe asintha chiwalo cha CDKN2A adzakhala ndi khansa ya khansa m'moyo wawo, mayesero a malonda apangidwira CDKN2A, ngakhale sizikudziwika ngati kudziwa zotsatira za mayesero kudzapindulitsa anthu atenga jini.
Kusintha kwachilendo kosiyana koma kotereku kuli m'kati mwa CDK4, yomwe imalamulira pamene maselo agawanika ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo chokhala ndi khansa ya khansa.
MC1R - Umboni wochulukira ukuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya jini yotchedwa MC1R (melanocortin-1 receptor), ndizoopsa kwambiri kwa khansa ya melanoma. Gini imathandiza kwambiri kudziwa ngati munthu ali ndi tsitsi lofiira, khungu loyenera, komanso mphamvu ya dzuwa. Anthu omwe ali ndi khungu la azitona ndi lakuda komanso omwe amanyamula mitundu imodzi kapena yambiri ya jini ali ndipamwamba kwambiri kuposa chiopsezo cha khansa ya khansa. Komabe, kukhala ndi kusintha kwa MC1R kumakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu kuposa kusintha kwa CDKN2A kapena CDK4. Posachedwapa, mitundu ina ya majeremusi yokhudzana ndi khungu imazindikira kuti imayambitsa matenda a melanoma, kuphatikizapo TYR (tyrosinase), TYRP1 (mapuloteni okhudzana ndi TYR 1), ndi ASIP (agouti signaling protein).
MDM2 - Mtundu wa MDM2 wosiyana siyana umapezeka mu geni "wothandizira," mtundu wamagetsi omwe amatsimikizira kuti jini likutembenuzidwa ndi zingati zomwe zimapangidwa mkati mwa selo. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu 2009 anasonyeza kuti zimapangitsa akazi - koma osati amuna - kukhala ndi khansa yachinyamata ali wamng'ono (osakwana zaka 50). Kukhala ndi kusintha kumeneku kungakhale kotheka kwambiri kuposa zinthu zina zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a khansa ya khansa, monga mbiri ya kutentha kwa dzuwa, khungu lokongola, ndi kuthamanga.
Ngati muli ndi kholo kapena mbale wanu ali ndi khansa ya khansa, chiopsezo chanu chokhala ndi khansa ya khansa ya khansa ndi yapamwamba kuposa ziwiri. Komabe, chiopsezo chikadali chachichepere, ndipo nthawi zambiri, jini loperewera silipezeka. Ngakhale zili choncho, akatswiri ambiri amalimbikitsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chokhudza mbiri yawo ya banja la khansa ya khansa akufunsani za chibadwa ndi kufunsa dokotala za momwe angapangire maphunziro a kafufuzidwe ka majini kuti ena athe kuphunzira momwe kusintha kwa chibadwa kumakhudzira chiopsezo cha khansa ya khansa. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo chotengera matenda a melanoma ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti dzuwa likhale lotetezeka komanso kufufuza khungu lawo mosamala mwezi uliwonse kuyambira pa zaka 10 kuti apeze kusintha kwa maonekedwe a moles.
Zosintha za Gene zomwe sizolandira
Zosinthika za thupi zomwe sizinatengedwe koma zimapezeka chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe monga dzuwa:
BRAF - Maphunziro apeza kusintha kosakhala kobadwa mwa BRAF gene imene ikuwoneka kuti ndiyo yowonekera kwambiri mu njira yomwe imatsogolera ku melanoma; zakhala zikuchitika mpaka 66 peresenti ya ma melanoma oopsa. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kuti jini iyi isakhale yothandiza kwambiri m'tsogolomu.
P16 ndi chotupa choyambitsa matenda omwe angakhale achilendo m'matenda ena omwe sali obadwa nawo a melanoma. Kusintha kwa majini komwe kumayambitsa mapuloteni a Ku70 ndi Ku80 kungasokoneze njira zomwe zimakonza DNA.
EGF - Ofufuza akuphunzira kusintha kwa geni komwe kumapanga chinthu chotchedwa epidermal growth factor (EGF). EGF imathandizira kukula kwa maselo a khungu komanso machiritso a zilonda, ndipo ikhoza kuwerengera matenda ambiri omwe sali obadwa nawo a melanoma.
Zosintha zamoyo m'magazi omwe amachititsa kuti mafupa a Fas, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'thupi lachilengedwe, amatchedwa apoptosis, amachititsa kuti maselo a melanoma awonjezeke.
Mapulogalamu a maselo omwe amachititsa kuti chitukuko choyamba chiyambike ndi metastasis ya melanoma yomwe si yachibale ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo ikuyamba kufufuza. Zoonadi, malipoti a kafukufuku ambirimbiri okhudzana ndi matenda a khansa ya melanoma afalitsidwa zaka 10 zapitazi. Mapulogalamuwa adzawathandiza kupeza mayesero oyenerera kwambiri kuti apeze matenda a melanoma, komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mankhwalawa.
Zotsatira:
"Genetics ya Melanoma." ASCO. 26 February 2009.
Wolemba TL, Singh MK, Tsao H. "Matenda a Melanoma ndi njira zochiritsira zomwe zikuyendera m'zaka za zana la 21: kusunthira kuchoka ku benchi kupita kumbali ya bedi." J Invest Dermatol 2008 128 (11): 2575-95. 26 February 2009.
Lin J, Hocker TL, Singh M, Tsao H. "Zamoyo za Melanoma Predisposition." Br J Dermatol 2008 159 (2): 286-9. 26 February 2009.
"Mankhwala a melanoma." Mapu a Mapulogalamu a Melanoma Project. 27 February 2009.
Firoz EF, Warycha M, Zakrzewski J, et al. Msonkhano wa MDM2 SNP309, msinkhu wa chiyambi, ndi chiwerewere mu khansa yotchedwa melanoma. Clin Cancer Res . 2009 Apr 1; 15 (7): 2573-80.
Shekar SN, Duffy DL, Youl P, ndi al. Phunziro Lochokera ku Azimayi Amapasa a ku Australia ndi Melanoma Amapereka Mphamvu Yambiri Yopatsa Mavuto ku Dala. J Invest Dermatol . 9 April 2009.