Anthu omwe amagwira ntchito m'zipatala nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi majeremusi pokhala ndi odwala. Odwala ogwira ntchito zachipatala (HCP), monga madokotala ndi anamwino, amathandiza kuwateteza ku matenda omwe angakhale oopsa monga chimfine ndi chifuwa chachikulu, komanso amateteza odwala omwe akuwasamalira. Onse akulu ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti ali ndi zowonjezereka pa katemera wonse womwe umalimbikitsa. Koma ngati muli HCP kapena mumagwira ntchito zaumoyo, pali zida zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zikulimbikitsidwa ndi Komiti Yopereka Malangizo Omwe Amapezerapo Katemera (ACIP).
1 -
InfluenzaAnthu pafupifupi 12,000 mpaka 56,000 amafa chaka chilichonse ku United States kuchokera ku chimfine, ndipo amachititsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwa matenda ophera katemera kwambiri masiku ano.
Anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo kwambiri ku chipatala kapena imfa chifukwa cha chimfine ndi omwe ali kale omwe angayambe kuyanjana ndi HCP. Gululi likuphatikizapo omwe ali ndi vuto lachipatala, ana aang'ono, amayi apakati, ndi okalamba-ena mwa iwo sangathe katemera bwinobwino chifukwa cha msinkhu kapena zifukwa zachipatala.
Mungathe kulandira chimfine mwa kupuma kapena kulowa m'madzi otentha omwe amapuma chifukwa cha chifuwa kapena kupsepesa kapena pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonyansa mongazitsamba zazitsulo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mukhoza kutenga kachilombo ndikufalitsa nthendayi ngakhale mutakhala odwala.
ACIP imalimbikitsa aliyense kupitirira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kulandira katemera wa chimfine chaka chilichonse, kuphatikizapo-makamaka HCP ndi mitundu ina ya osamalira . Malingana ndi CDC, pafupifupi 88 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito zaumoyo ku United States anatenga katemera wa chimfine mu 2016-2017 nyengo ya chimfine, ngakhale ziwerengero zimenezo zimakhala zosiyana ndi chilengedwe.
Kukonzekera kwa chipatala kumakhala ndi chiwopsezo chokwanira kusiyana ndi malo osamalirira omwe amakhala ngati nyumba za okalamba, ndipo antchito amatha kupeza katemera wa chimfine ngati akufunidwa ndi olemba anzawo. Mu malo omwe katemera amavomerezeka, 97 peresenti ya HCP imatemera katemera, poyerekeza ndi 46 peresenti ya anthu omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo omwe simukufunikira, kulimbikitsidwa kapena kuperekedwa pa malo.
2 -
Hepatitis BChiwindi cha matenda a chiwindi chimatambasula kudzera m'madzi amadzi monga magazi ndi sopo. Anthu oposa 1 miliyoni amakhulupirira kuti tsopano ali ndi HIV ku United States. Chifukwa chakuti ambiri mwa anthuwa samadwala, nthawi zambiri samadziwa kuti ali ndi kachilomboka, koma akhoza kufalikira kwa anthu ena. Ngati simunalandidwe, kachirombo ka hepatitis B kangayambitse matenda aakulu , kuphatikizapo khansa ya chiwindi ndi chiwindi. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa ana aang'ono omwe amachilomboka.
Kwa HCP pangozi yotenga chiwindi cha hepatitis B, katemera ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la kulamulira matenda. Pamene malangizidwe oti ateteze HCP motsutsana ndi chiwindi cha hepatitis B choyamba chinatuluka mu 1982, pafupifupi pafupifupi 10,000 matendawa anachitika pakati pa antchito ndi madokotala. Mu 2004, kunali 304 okha. Mu 2015, 74 peresenti ya HCP ndi odwala mwachindunji adatemera katemera. Ngakhale kuti ali apamwamba kusiyana ndi anthu akuluakulu, chiwerengerochi n'choposa 90 peresenti cholinga chomwe chatchulidwa mu Healthy People 2020, chikhazikitso cha zolinga zadziko zomwe ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa mu chaka cha 2020 kuti chiwerengero cha anthu a US chikhale bwino.
Onse a HCP omwe asanatenge katemera wa hepatitis b ayenera kulandira mndandanda wa mawere atatu, ndipo omwe angayambe kukhudzana ndi madzi akumwa amayenera kuyesedwa miyezi iwiri mutatha mlingo womaliza kuti atsimikizire kuti matupi awo amavomereza bwino Katemera.
3 -
Mavitamini, Makasu, ndi Rubella (MMR)Zakudya zinatchulidwa kuchotsedwa ku United States m'chaka cha 2000, koma matendawa amakhala ofala m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo kuphulika kwapachiyambi kumachitikabe pakhomo. Ndi imodzi mwa mavairasi opatsirana kwambiri omwe amadziwika ndi anthu ndipo amatha kukhalabe mlengalenga kwa maola awiri kuchokera pamene munthu wodwalayo ali kale.
Chifukwa shuga sichikufala ku United States, makolo ang'onoang'ono sangadziwe zizindikiro za matendawa ndipo musachite bwino kusamalira ana omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda. Ndipo izi zingayambitse kuphulika, monga zomwe zinachitika mu 2008. Mnyamata wosaphunzira, wazaka 7 yemwe ali ndi chikuku anapita kwa ofesi ya ana ake ndipo anadziwitsa ana ena anayi mosadziwika-atatu mwa iwo anali aang'ono kwambiri kuti angalandire katemera wa MMR panthawiyo. Mmodzi mwa anawo anayenera kupita kuchipatala. Mnyamatayu anachezera maulendo angapo a zachipatala asanapezedwe ndi chimanga, osakhala ndi zizindikiro zodzipatula kuti aziteteza odwala ena kapena HCP.
Ngakhale m'mayiko apamwamba monga teknoloji monga United States, pafupifupi mmodzi mwa anthu anayi omwe ali ndi chikuku amafunika kuchipatala. Padziko lonse lapansi, pafupifupi anthu 100,000 amafa ndi matendawa chaka chilichonse, makamaka ana. Katemera ndi njira yopambana kwambiri popewera imfa ndi kulemala ku shuga. Malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization, katemerayu kanateteza anthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni pakati pa 2000 ndi 2016.
Ngakhale kuti rubella ndi mitsempha zimakhala zochepa kwambiri kuposa chimfine, HCP yosatetezedwa ikhoza kutenga kachilomboka pambuyo poyang'ana kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matendawa, ndipo pambuyo pake amatenga mavairasi kwa odwala omwe ali odwala, monga amayi oyembekezera.
HCP wosadziwika amene anabadwa mu 1957 kapena pambuyo pake ayenera kupeza mlingo wa MMR, masiku osachepera 28. HCP obadwa chaka cha 1957 kawirikawiri amadziwika kukhala osatetezeka ku masikisi, mapepala, ndi rubella, koma pokhapokha ngati angasonyeze kuti ali ndi matendawa kapena ayesedwa kuti ali ndi chitetezo choyenera, ayenera kupitiriridwabe ndi MMR ndi mlingo umodzi ( ngati palibe umboni wa chitetezo chotsutsana ndi rubella yekha) kapena mlingo wa 2 (ngati mulibe umboni wa mimba ndi / kapena chikuku). Akazi osadziwika omwe akugwira ntchito zochipatala omwe angakhale ndi pakati (koma asanakhalepo) ayenera kulandira mlingo umodzi wa MMR kuti ateteze motsutsana ndi rubella.
4 -
Tetanus, Diphtheria, ndi Pertussis (Tdap)Mitundu iwiri ya katemera wa tetanus ilipo: Tdap ndi Td. Zonsezi zimaphatikizapo zigawo zothandizira kupewa mankhwala omwe amapezeka ndi mabakiteriya a tetanus ndi diphtheria, koma Tdap ndizophatikizapo chigawo cha pertussis.
Pertussis, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti chifuwa cha chifuwa, ndi matenda opuma omwe angakhale oopsa kwambiri kwa tiana. Mofanana ndi chimfine, imafalikira kudzera mukukakokera ndi kupopera, komanso kuyanjana kofanana ngati kumpsyopsyona. Chifukwa chakuti zizindikiro zoyambirira za pertussis zingawoneke ngati chimfine, ambiri achikulire sazindikira ngakhale kuti ali ndi kachilomboka. HCP kugwira ntchito m'makonzedwe a ana akuoneka kuti ali pachiopsezo chotenga mgwirizano ndi kufalitsa zovuta. Ndipo iwo amene amagwira ntchito ku chipatala chodziletsa kwambiri kuchipatala ayenera kukhala osamalitsa kwambiri a zipatala, chifukwa zikhoza kupha ana akhanda asanakwane ngati atenga kachilomboka.
Onse a HCP omwe sanakhalepo kapena sakudziwa kuti adatemera katemerawa ayenera kupeza mlingo umodzi wa Tdap-mosasamala kuti akhalapo nthawi yaitali bwanji kuchokera pamene adalandira kachilombo ka Td-ndipo amapezedwanso katemera wa tetanus kapena popanda chigawo cha pertussis kamodzi pakatha zaka khumi. HCP omwe ali ndi mimba ayenera kulandira Tdap patsiku lachitatu la mimba iliyonse.
Ngakhale zili choncho, pafupifupi theka la HCP anali katemera ndi Tdap mu 2015.
5 -
VaricellaVaricella, kapena nkhuku ya nkhuku, sichimadziwika kwambiri ku United States, chifukwa cha katemera wambiri. Koma kuphulika kukuchitikabe m'dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo milandu ikhoza kufalikira mofulumira ku zochitika zaumoyo. Matendawa akhoza kukhala owopsa kwambiri kwa odwala akuluakulu odwala, kuphatikizapo amayi omwe ali ndi pakati.
Mofanana ndi matenda ena ambiri, anthu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka varicella angathe kutenga kachilomboka tsiku limodzi kapena awiri asanatuluke. Ngati muli wothandizira zaumoyo ndi odwala nthawi zambiri, zotsatira za matenda osadziwika zingakhale zodula. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti munthu mmodzi yekha amene ali ndi varicella angathe kuwonetsa odwala oposa 30 omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV, ndi antchito ena ambirimbiri. Kuwonjezera pa kukhala osasangalatsa kwathunthu, akuluakulu amakhala ndi milandu yambiri ya varicella, ndipo matendawa akhoza kukhala owopsa kwambiri kwa oyembekezera ndi odwala.
HCP yosatetezedwa popanda umboni wa ma laboratory kapena chitetezo cha varicella ayenera kutenga mlingo umodzi wa katemera, osachepera masabata anayi.
6 -
MeningococcalMatenda a meningococcal ndi matenda a bakiteriya omwe angayambitse matenda a meningitis , momwe chigawo cha ubongo chakhala chikugunda. Matendawa ndi osowa koma amakhala ovuta, omwe amachititsa kuti munthu asatayike, asamva, kapena afe chifukwa cha maola angapo. Achinyamata ndi achinyamata amakhala pachiopsezo chachikulu.
Si zachilendo kuti HCP ikhale ndi matenda a meningococcal kwa odwala awo, koma n'zotheka, makamaka kwa omwe akuyang'anitsitsa ndi kupuma kwa munthu amene ali ndi kachilombo kaye-pamene akuyendetsa kayendetsedwe ka mpweya panthawi yobwezeretsa, mwachitsanzo-kapena mabakiteriya omwe ali pamalo opangira ma laboratory.
Ngati ndinu HCP amene nthawi zambiri amayamba kulumikizana ndi odwala, kapena ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito zojambula mububu, muyenera kupeza mlingo umodzi wa katemera wa meningococcal.
Mawu Ochokera
Madokotala, anamwino, othandizira azachipatala, ndi HCP zina zimathandiza kwambiri kuteteza thanzi la anthu. Mukusamalira omwe ali otetezeka kwambiri pakati pathu, ndipo chifukwa chake, dziwonetseni nokha pangozi, inunso, chifukwa cha matenda owopsa omwe mumawachitira. Katemera ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga momwe wothandizira thanzi angatengere pofuna kuteteza nokha, komanso odwala omwe mumasamalira.
> Zotsatira:
> Zolinga za Kuletsa ndi Kuteteza Matenda. Katemera Otchulidwa Othandiza Odwala.
> Kugwirizanitsa Ntchito Yoteteza Katemera. Thandizo la katemera wathanzi . 2016.
> McLean H, Fiebelkorn A, Temte J. Kupewa shuga, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, ndi mitsempha, 2013: Maphunziro othandizira a Komiti Yolangizira Zopangira Katemera (ACIP). Kuchiza ndi Kufa Sabata Sabata. 2013; 62 (RR04): 1-34.
> Shefer A, Atkinson W, Friedman C, et al; Kutsekemera kwa ogwira ntchito zaumoyo: Zolangizidwe za Komiti Yopereka Malangizo Okhudza Katemera (ACIP). Kuchiza ndi Kufa Sabata Sabata . 2011; 60 (RR07): 1-45.
> Williams WW, Lu P, O'Halloran A, et al; Kuwonetsetsa katemera pakati pa anthu akuluakulu - United States, 2015. Kuchiza ndi Kufa Sabata Sabata. 2017; 66 (011): 1-28.