Mankhwala ndi matenda opatsirana kwambiri omwe amachititsa kuti munthu atenge kachilombo ka HIV. Kupopera, kukopa, ndi kuyankhula kungathe kufalikira, koma kachilombo kamene kamatha kukhalanso pamtunda ndi mpweya kwa nthawi yochepa-nthawi yokwanira kuti munthu akhalenso watsopano. Asanayambe kupitirira katemera katemera ku United States mu 1963, analipo pafupifupi 3 mpaka 4 million milandu ya chimanga chaka chilichonse.
Ngakhale kuti katemera wayamba kuchulukitsa chisokonezo cha m'mbuyomu ku United States, akadakayikira m'mayiko ena. Kuphulika kwapadziko lonse lapansi kukuchitikabe ndipo omwe alibe kachilombo ka HIV akhoza kudziika okha ndi ena pangozi.
Zomwe Zimayambitsa
Zakudya zimayambitsa matenda opatsirana kwambiri omwe amatchedwa "paramyxovirus" omwe amapezeka pamtima ndi pamphuno. Amafalikira kudzera m'malovu opuma pamene munthu wodwala akuwombera, akukakamira, kapenanso kukamba. Kachilombo kamene kamakhala mumlengalenga komanso pamtunda kwa maola awiri munthu atakhala ndi zizindikiro zakumayira atachoka. Amayambitsa matenda anu, amachititsa kutentha thupi komanso zizindikiro ngati chimfine, kenako zimafalitsa thupi lanu lonse. Pamene ma antibodies anu amachititsa kachilomboka, kuwonongeka kwa makoma a mitsempha yaing'ono yamagazi kumachitika, kumabweretsa chiwombankhanga.
Munthu wodwala ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa kwa masiku asanu ndi atatu.
Zakudya zimapatsirana kwambiri kuti munthu mmodzi yemwe ali ndi kachilombo yemwe amapezeka kwa anthu 10 omwe sangachite masewera adzatengera 9 pa 10.
Pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya matenda a chikuku amafunika kuchipatala ndikupita kwa dokotala kapena chipinda chodzidzimutsa chifukwa cha malungo. Izi zikhoza kuyika anthu ena m'madera amenewa, makamaka omwe ali ndi mavuto a chitetezo cha mthupi, pangozi ngati sakulekanitsidwa mosamala.
Mwamwayi, makolo akawatengera ana awo ndi masing'i kuchipatala, samangoganiza kuti ali ndi chikuku ndipo amawonetsa anthu ambiri kwa ana awo pamene akuwopsa kwambiri.
Kupewa katemera sikungokulepheretseni kudwala, kumakulepheretsani kufalitsa chimanga kwa ena. Anthu osadziwika amapitiriza ulendo wopita ku mayiko ena kumene chimfine chimakhala chofala ndikuchibwezeretsa kuno, kufalitsa kwa ena. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri akudera nkhawa za kugwirizana pakati pa katemera ndi autism, kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa awiriwa.
Zakudya Katemera Katemera
Palinso mtundu wina wolimba kwambiri wa chikuku wotchedwa shuga wa atypical. Izi zimachitika mwa anthu omwe adatetezedwa ndi katemera woyamba wa chimanga pakati pa 1963 ndi 1967, omwe anali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda. Chifukwa chakuti sanakhale ndi chitetezo chokwanira, anthuwa akhozabe kutenga kachilomboka powauza munthu yemwe ali ndi chikuku. Zizindikiro zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri ndipo zimayambira ndi malungo ndi mutu. Kuthamanga kawirikawiri kumayambira pamagetsi kapena pamatumbo mmalo mwa nkhope ndi mutu, ndipo sizingathe kufika pamtengo. Mtundu uwu wa chikuku umawonekera kuti suli wofalitsa ndipo ndi wokongola kwambiri tsopano.
Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi katemera, makutu, ndi rubella (MMR) amatetezedwa ndi chikuku, ngakhale kuti anthu pafupifupi 3 mwa anthu 100 aliwonse omwe ali ndi mayeso onse akhoza kukhalabe ndi chikuku ngati ali nawo. Akatswiri a zaumoyo sakudziwa chifukwa chake izi, koma zikhoza kukhala chifukwa chitetezo cha anthu ena sichimayankha bwino katemera. Komabe, ngati mwakhala ndi katemera wanu ndipo mukupezabe chikuku, chomwe chimadziwika ngati matenda osinthidwa, matendawa sangakhale ovuta kwambiri. Ndizowonjezereka, nayenso.
Kuphulika
Kuphulika kumachitika pamene matenda ambiri amapezeka m'deralo, m'deralo, kapena nyengo yomwe sichiyembekezeredwa.
Zifukwa zingapo zimathandiza kuchepetsa kuphulika kwa chimfine ku United States, ngakhale kuti tawona zambiri mwazaka 10 zapitazi. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti ngakhale ponena za ufulu wa katemera wokhazikika komanso makolo oletsa katemera kuti asatenge ana awo, tidzakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira cha anthu.
Ku United States, 91.9 peresenti ya ana amatenga mlingo umodzi wa katemera wa MMR pamene ali ndi miyezi 35 ndipo achinyamata 90.7 peresenti ali ndi mlingo wawiri. Ngakhale kuti sizingwiro, izo ndizopambana kwambiri kuposa mitengo yambiri ya katemera padziko lonse lapansi. Mmalo mwa miyezo yambiri ya katemerayu, United States ili ndi magulu a ana omwe amapewa katemera mwachangu. Ndi m'magulu awa ndi midzi yomwe ikuphulika imachitika.
Mu 2014, United States inayamba kuphulika kwakukulu kuyambira chaka cha 2000. Kuphulika kwakukulu kwakukulu, komwe kunakhudza anthu 383 mwa anthu 667 awa, kunachitika makamaka m'midzi ya Amish yosadziwika ku Ohio. Ambiri mwa milanduyi adalumikizidwa ku Philippines, kumene kudakali chivomezi chachikulu.
Matenda ochepa kwambiri a chikuku m'mabuka ameneŵa ali mwa anthu amene amapezeka katemera wonse. Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa Ulaya mu 2011-pamene anthu 30,000 anapeza chimfine, kupha anthu 8, 27 milandu ya measune encephalitis, ndi milandu yokwana 1,482 ya chibayo-ambiri anali osatetezedwa (82 peresenti) kapena anthu osapatsidwa katemera (13 peresenti) .
Kuwonjezera pa mayiko ambiri omwe akutukuka kumene chikuku chikuchitikabe, kuphulika kwa mayira a padziko lonse lapansi ku Japan, United Kingdom, Philippines, ndi mayiko ena, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mukhale ndi katemera wambiri musanatuluke ku United States .
Kutuluka kwa Chibwibwi
Kuyang'anitsitsa kuyambukira kwa chimango ku San Diego, California, mu 2008 kungakuthandizeni kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zimachitika panthawi ya ziphuphu zimenezi komanso anthu angapo omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV.
Mnyamata wa zaka 7 yemwe anali wosadetsedwa chifukwa makolo ake anali ndi ufulu wopereka chithandizo chachinsinsi ku Switzerland ndi banja lake. Patapita sabata atabwerera kwawo kuchokera kuulendo, adadwala koma adabwerera kusukulu atatha masiku angapo. Kenaka adayamba kuthamanga ndipo adawona dokotala wa banja lake, wotsatira wa ana ake, kenako anapita ku chipinda chodzidzimutsa chifukwa adakhalabe ndi malungo ndi chiwombankhanga .
Pambuyo pake anapeza kuti ali ndi chikuku, koma asanafike ana ena khumi ndi anayi anadwala kachilombo. Izi zikuphatikizapo abale ake awiri, ana asanu ku sukulu yake, ndi ana anayi omwe adanyamula ku ofesi ya ana ake.
Sizophweka monga choncho, ngakhale. Pakati pa chivomezi ichi:
- Ana atatu mwa ana omwe adatenga kachilomboka anali ocheperapo miyezi khumi ndi iwiri, ndipo motero sanafike katemera kwambiri.
- Ana asanu ndi atatu mwa ana asanu ndi anai omwe anali ndi miyezi khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi omwe anali osadetsedwa chifukwa anali ndi chithandizo cha katemera.
- Pafupifupi ana makumi asanu ndi awiri (70) anaikidwa pansi paokha mwadzidzidzi kwa masiku makumi awiri ndi awiri (21) atatha kutuluka chifukwa adakumana ndi vuto linalake ndipo sankafuna katemera kapena ali aang'ono kwambiri.
- Mmodzi wa makanda omwe ali ndi chikuku anapita ku Hawaii, akuwopa kuti kuzungulira kwa chimanga kungafalikire kumeneko.
Onse pamodzi, anthu 839 anapezeka ndi kachilombo koyambitsa chiyero kuyambira ndi mwana mmodzi wodwala.
Mmodzi mwa iwo anali mwana wa miyezi 10 yemwe anadwala kachirombo ka mwana wake, atakhala wamng'ono kwambiri kuti adzalandire katemera wa MMR, ndipo adatsiriza masiku atatu m'chipatala mu chiopsezo cha moyo.
Zowopsa Zowopsa
Kukhala mwana wamng'ono, wosadziwika ndizoopsa kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga ndikumayambitsa mavuto. Ngati muli ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a shuga ndipo simunatenge katemera, mwayi wanu wopeza ndi 90 peresenti, ziribe kanthu msinkhu wanu.
Zina mwazidzidzidzi zomwe zimayambitsa chiyero ndi:
- Ana omwe ali osadetsedwa chifukwa ali aang'ono kwambiri: Katemera wa chimanga sagwira ntchito kwa makanda chifukwa chitetezo cha mthupi chawo sichinapangitse mokwanira kuti chidziwitse chitetezo cha chitetezo cha chitetezo cha chitetezo chitetezeke ku katemera. Kwa ana omwe akupita kunja kwa United States, akulimbikitsidwa kuti alandire MMR wawo kwa miyezi 6 mpaka 11 osati kulindira mpaka miyezi 12 mpaka 15 yachikhalidwe.
- Anthu omwe sagonjetsedwa chifukwa cha zachipatala: Anthu ena satha kupeza katemera wa MMR chifukwa cha nkhani monga kusamalidwa kapena kusokoneza mankhwala, monga mankhwala a khansa kapena mankhwala owonjezera a steroid.
- Kukhala ndi katemera wosakwanira: Anthu omwe sanalandire kachilombo kawiri ka MMR alibe chitetezo chokwanira ku shuga. Ana ambiri samalandira mpikisano wawo mpaka zaka 4 mpaka 6. Chithandizo choyamba chokhala ndi katemera chimafika pafupi, koma chachiwiri ndi 97%.
- Kutemera katemera koma osati kukhala ndi chitetezo: Izi zimachitika pafupifupi 3 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi katemera.
- Anthu omwe ali osasokonezeka: Izi ndi zoona ngakhale atalandira katemera wa MMR.
- Kulephera kwa Vitamin A: Izi zimakuchititsani kuti mukhale ndi vuto lakumanga komanso kuti matendawa akhale ovuta kwambiri.
Zochitika Zowopsa Kwamoyo
Kuyenda m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi kusankha kupewa katemera ndi njira ziwiri zomwe zimayambitsa chiopsezo chotenga shuga, ndipo ndizofunika kwambiri. Padziko lonse, chikuku ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa imfa mwa ana osapitirira zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri (5) Asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito katemera wa measemia ndi katemera, makutu, ndi rubella (MMR) katemera (1971). milandu-inali yaikulu. M'mayiko ena omwe akutukuka, amakhalabe apamwamba koposa ku United States lero.
Kusiyanitsa tsopano ndi kuti m'malo mofala ku United States monga kale kale katemera usanayambe, pafupifupi masoka onse a chikuku amaloledwa kupita kunja kwa dziko, makamaka ku mayiko omwe akutukuka. Ndipo mmalo mochitika mwa anthu omwe alibe mwayi wodzitemera, maulendo ambiri tsopano ku United States ali mwa anthu omwe samasankha katemera ndi ana awo.
> Zotsatira:
> Zomwe Zingathetsere Kudwala ndi Kuteteza Matenda (CDC). Zakudya. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. Mu: Epidemiology ndi Kupewa Matenda Omwe Angapewe Katemera. 13th ed. Washington DC Public Health Foundation; 2015.
> Zomwe Zingathetsere Kudwala ndi Kuteteza Matenda (CDC). Katemera, Matumbo, ndi Rubella (MMR) Katemera: Chimene Aliyense Ayenera Kudziwa. Idasinthidwa pa February 2, 2018.
> Chipatala cha Mayo Clinic. Zakudya. Chipatala cha Mayo. Kusinthidwa pa March 9, 2018.
> Sugerman DE. Kuthetsa Mphukira M'madera Otchuka Otetezedwa, San Diego, 2008: Udindo Wopanda Chidziwitso. Matenda. April 2010; 125 (4): 747-755. onetsani: 10.1542 / peds.2009-1653.
> Bungwe la Padziko Lonse la Umoyo. Sakanizani Zolemba Zolemba. March 2017.