Maselo Ofiira ndi Oyera Amadutsa Kupyolera mu Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis (kutchulidwa kuti-at-oh-po-EE-sus) ndi njira yomwe maselo anu onse amapangidwira, akukula ndi okhwima mu mitundu yawo yomaliza. Mawuwo amatanthauza njira kapena njira za chitukuko cha maselo a magazi, kuyambira ndi zomwe zimadziwika ngati maselo amtundu wa hematopoietic , kupyola mndandanda wa masitepe oti afike pamapeto otsiriza - selo la magazi okhwima, kaya ndi selo lofiira la magazi, loyera maselo a magazi monga lymphocyte, kapena mtundu wina wa magazi.
Mauthenga ena a ndondomeko imeneyi yopanga maselo a magazi akuphatikizapo hematogenesis, hemogenesis, ndi hemopoiesis.
Malo opanga maselo a magazi amadalira ngati mukukamba za mwana akadali m'mimba mwa mayi ake, kapena pambuyo pake ali wakhanda ndikukhala wamkulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mwana yemwe akutukuka amagwiritsa ntchito malo osiyana siyana m'thupi chifukwa cha hematopoiesis, kuphatikizapo chiwindi, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, komanso mafupa. Atabadwa, malo aakulu a hematopoiesis ali m'mafupa.
Extramedullary hematopoiesis ndi mapangidwe a maselo a magazi pamalo ena osati mafupa. Ndipo pamene extramedullary hematopoiesis ndi chizoloŵezi cha mwana m'mimba, kamodzi munthu akabadwa, amakhala chizindikiro cha matenda kapena chiwonetsero chakuti mafupa sangathe kupanga maselo ofiira a magazi oyenera kuti akwaniritse zofunikira.
Kodi Hematopoietic Ndi Chiyani?
Mungathe kupeza mawu akuti hematopoiesis, kapena kuti adjective hematopoietic, mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana:
- Mankhwala opangira maselo a mtundu wa Hematopoietic, omwe amatchedwanso kuti mafupa a mitsempha kapena kusinthanitsa maselo, amaphatikizapo kutenga maselo osagawanika ndi kuwapereka kwa wolandira, kotero kuti wolandirayo akhoza kupanga maselo atsopano a magazi atsopano, maselo oyera a magazi, ndi mapulogalamu omwe amathandiza magazi kuti aphimbe.
- Matenda a chilengedwe amatanthawuza khansa ya maselo opanga magazi. Mafupa amtunduwu amapezeka m'magazi, khansa ya m'magazi, ndi myeloma .
- Matenda otchedwa Hematopoietic neoplasm amatenga matenda osiyanasiyana a magazi, ena mwa iwo ndi matenda aakulu omwe mumakhala nawo, ndipo ena amatha kupita patsogolo ndi mavuto aakulu ndikupulumuka.
- Mzere wa maselo a ma Hematopoietic kapena maselo am'manja amatanthauza zingapo zingapo, kapena nthambi za "mtengo wa banja la magazi," zomwe selo loyambirira limayambira mu selo la akulu / okhwima la magazi.
Mwachidule
Kuzungulira magazi kumakhala ndi maselo, maselo, ndi madzi. Thupi lathu limapanga maselo a magazi mosalekeza kuyambira nthawi yomwe ife tiri mmimba mpaka ukalamba. Mamiliyoni a maselo a magazi amatengedwa m'malo tsiku lililonse pamene akukhala moyo wawo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo imakhala ndi moyo wosiyana, ndipo ali ndi thanzi labwino, maselo ofiira amagawira masiku pafupifupi 100 mpaka 120 asanalowe m'malo.
Pali mitundu yambiri yosiyana ya maselo a magazi, aliyense amachita ntchito zake. Ngakhale maselo ofiira ndi oyera amatha kumalo osiyanasiyana m'thupi, kupanga kumayambira m'mafupa.
Mu Bone Marrow
Pakati pa mafupa ena, palinso minofu yamtundu, kuphatikizapo maselo am'madzi otchedwa hematopoietic, omwe amatchedwanso kuti pluripotent, omwe amachititsa mitundu yonse ya maselo a magazi.
Zina mwa maselowa amakhalabe "osadziwika" kuti apitirize kubereka maselo a mtundu uliwonse womwe ukufunikira, monga ngati njuchi yamasiye amaika mazira, koma maselo ena amayamba kuyamba, kukhala "oyang'anira" kapena " "a mzere wosiyana kwambiri wa maselo . Mizere ya magulu / mzere ikhoza kuganiziridwa ngati nthambi zosiyana za mtengo wa banja la magazi.
Maselo opanga magazi amapanga mbali ziwiri zosiyana za banja:
- Mbali yamakono ndi yosavuta kukumbukira chifukwa imapanga maselo oyera a m'magazi omwe amadziwika kuti amaliseche . Lymphocytes amatha kupangidwanso kukhala maselo a T, maselo B, ndi maselo achilengedwe.
- Mbali ya myeloid ya banja ndi ya hodgepodge. Muli ndi maselo ofiira anu, omwe amatchedwanso erythrocyte, komanso mapuloteni anu a magazi, omwe kwenikweni ali maselo akuluakulu otchedwa megakaryocytes. Koma, kuwonjezera pa maselo ofiira a m'magazi ndi mapulogalamu, mumakhala ndi maselo oyera a magazi omwe amachokera ku myeloid progenitors: ma-neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, ndi basophils onse ndi maselo oyera a magazi omwe amachokera kwa odwala myeloid.
- Muzochitika zachilendo, mbali yabwino ya kukula koyamba ndi kusasitsa kwa mitundu yambiri ya maselo imapezeka mkati mwa fupa; T-maselo amakula m'mafupa koma amasamukira ku thymus kuti akhwime .
Mu Magazi, Madzi, ndi Matenda
Mukamakula komanso okhwima, maselo ofiira a magazi amakhala m'magazi. Maselo oyera amapezeka m'magazi, koma angakhale ambiri pa malo ena. Mwachitsanzo, ma lymphocytes ndi ofala kwambiri ndipo amakhala ochuluka m'thupi loposa la magazi.
- Maselo oyera (leukocyte): Izi zimaphatikizapo lymphocytes, monocytes ndi maselo oyera omwe amapereka matupi athu chitetezo ku matenda. Maselo oyera ndizofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo chathu cha mthupi chomwe chimathandiza kuwononga owononga pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kupanga ma antibodies omwe amamatira kwa othawa. Mavuto ndi maselo oyera a mitsempha angayambitse matenda.
- Maselo ofiira a m'magazi (erythrocytes): Maselo amenewa ali ndi hemoglobini yomwe imapereka magazi anu kukhala ofiira ndipo imanyamula mpweya ku maselo ndi matenda m'thupi lanu. Kuperewera kwa maselo ofiira amagazi kungayambitse kuperewera kwa magazi m'thupi, ndi zizindikiro monga kutopa, kufooka, ndi kusagwirizana kulimbitsa thupi.
- Mipata : Megakaryocytes m'kamwa ndi maselo a "monster" (omwe ndi aakulu poyerekeza ndi ena) omwe amapanga mapepala ang'onoang'ono a ma pulogalamu (mapuloletsiti) omwe amathandiza kuteteza magazi pambuyo povulala. Kufooka kwa pulasitiki kungapangitse kuvulaza mosavuta ndi mavuto ndi magazi.
Kuchokera ku mafupa a mafupa kupita ku Bloodstream
Ngati HSC imachita kupanga maselo okhwima magazi, idzagwirizanitsa maselo angapo (nthawi zambiri kapena asanu) asanakhale selo. Nthawi iliyonse selo ligawanika, limatengera makhalidwe ambiri a selo wamkulu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, izo zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri kapena zapadera.
Kulimbikitsa thupi kuti likhale ndi maselo atsopano a magazi - mtundu wa hematopoiesis wokhazikika - ukhoza kuwathandiza pazinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zina mafupa amathandizidwa patsogolo pa mankhwala omwe amakonzedwa ndi khansa pamene kuponderezedwa kwakukulu kwa maselo opanga magazi mu mafuta amayembekezera.
Pamene Ma Hematopoietic Maselo Akupita
Mofanana ndi selo iliyonse, ma HSC akhoza kusintha kusintha kwa maselo osokonekera kapena opweteka kwambiri m'malo mwa maselo abwino. Malingana ndi siteji ya kusiyana kwa selo ili pamene imasintha, imayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana: myeloproliferative disorders, leukemias, lymphomas , ndi myelomas.
Mtundu wachinyamata wosazolowereka ungatchulidwe ngati 'kuphulika.' Kuphulika kwa odwala ali ndi khansa ya m'magazi kunganene kuti kusintha kwa khansa kunachitika mu selo yopanga magazi yomwe inali pachiyambi cha chitukuko. Ngati maselo ambiri omwe ali ndi khansa ya m'magazi kapena ammimba amatha kukhala okhwima kwambiri, izi zikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa khansa kunachitika khungu kapena kachilombo kowonjezereka komwe kanali pafupi ndi siteji yotsiriza.
Mu lymphoma, pakhoza kukhala ma lymphomas osiyana omwe amasonyeza magawo osiyanasiyana a chitukuko cha lymphocyte, kuphatikizapo njira zothandizira B-maselo ndi T-maselo; motero, pali B-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas, komanso ngakhale maselo amtundu wa Natural Killer .
Hematopoietic Kufaka kwa Selo - Matenda a Mabofu Opaleshoni
Mankhwala a khansa ya m'magazi, lymphoma ndi zina zowopsa za khansa zingaphatikizepo kuikidwa kwa maselo amtundu wa hematopoietic. Izi zikhoza kukhala maselo anu, kukololedwa mumphongo (autologous), kapena kuchokera kwa wopereka (allogenic). Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popeza maselo opatsa magazi omwe amapereka magazi kuchokera kwa woperekayo zimasiyanasiyana, koma kuziika palokha ndiko kuika magazi mophweka pamene maselo amtundu wa hematopoietic amasunthira kuchoka m'magazi mpaka m'mafupa.
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Awa ndiwo mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maselo a magazi omwe amapezeka kunja kwa fupa. Zitha kuwonetseka ku magazi m'thupi, ndi kupanga maselo a magazi m'chiwindi, ntchentche komanso nthawi zina m'matumbo. Mu zochitika zina, pangakhale maselo oopsa omwe amapezeka m'madera omwe sali pamtambo.
> Zotsatira:
> Williams, L. Kukambitsirana Kwambiri kwa Hematopoiesis ndi Immunology: Zotsatira za Opezeka Momwe Amapezera Madzi a Hematopoietic. Mu Ezzone, S. (2004) Kupatsa Mavitamini a Madzi Amadzimadzi: Buku Lophunzitsa Achinyamata. Society of Nursing Society. Pittsburg, PA (pp.1-13).
> Michael A. Rieger ndi Timm Schroeder Hematopoiesis. Cold Spring Harbor Yopenda mu Biology, 2012, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.