Thymus wakhala chinthu chosadziwika kwambiri m'mbiri yonse. Zinali kudziwika kuti zinalipo kale kwambiri m'zaka za zana loyamba AD, koma udindo wawo sungayambe kumveka kufikira patapita nthawi. Agiriki akale ankaganiza kuti ndi "mpando wolimba mtima." Pa nthawi ya Ulemerero, iwo adaganiza kuti palibe ntchito. Sizinayambe mpaka m'ma 1970 kuti gawo lake mu chitetezo cha mthupi linayamba kufalikira.
Thymus Basics
Masiku ano timadziwa kuti thymus ndi chitetezo cha m'thupi. Mu chitetezo cha mthupi, maselo oyera amagazi osiyanasiyana ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. T-lymphocytes, kapena T-maselo , ndi mtundu umodzi wa selo loyera la magazi. Mwa anthu, thymus ndi chiwalo chomwe mungaganize ngati 'boot camp' kwa ana T-lymphocytes. Ndi malo a kukula, chitukuko, maphunziro, ndi kusankha ma T-lymphocytes, asilikali oyera omwe amateteza mthupi, kuti athe kukwanitsa kutuluka ndi kumenyana ndi matenda ndi anthu omwe akuthawa.
The 'T' mu T-maselo kwenikweni amaimira thymus, pamene 'B' mu B-maselo amatanthauza fupa la mafupa. Maselo anu oyera amagazi onse amapangidwa m'mafupa; kagawo kakang'ono ka maselo opanga magaziwa amasunthira kuchoka ku fupa lamtundu kupita ku thymus, kumene amaphunzitsa kuti akhale T-lymphocytes.
Mwachidziwikire, anthu sizinthu zokha zomwe zimakhala ndi thymus-kwenikweni, thymi wa ng'ombe ndipo nthawizina mwanawankhosa ali pakati pa ziwalo zokonzedwa mu mbale yotchedwa sweetbreads, yomwe imatchuka kwambiri ku Britain.
Malo ndi Kukula kwa Thymus
Thymus ndi chigoba chapamwamba pamtambo / m'munsi mwa khosi. Thymus imakhala yosokonezeka ndi chithokomiro-gland yomwe ili pafupi, koma ili ndi ntchito yosiyana kwambiri. Thymus ndi ntchentche yofewa, yofiirira yomwe imapezeka kumbuyo kwa chifuwa chanu komanso pakati pa mapapu anu.
Madokotala amachitcha malowa pachifuwa monga mediastinum , ndipo ndi odzaza ndi zofunikira.
Mwa anthu, thymus si chiwalo chimene chimakhala chowonekera kapena chowoneka kuchokera kunja. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mthunzi wochokera ku thymus ukhoza kuwonedwa pa x-ray; Komabe, ziphuphu kapena ziphuphu m'dera la khosi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha zinthu zina, monga zotupa zam'mimba kapena mphutsi. Kawirikawiri, mbali ya thymus imapitirira mu khosi kusiyana ndi-yotchedwa ectopic cervical thymus.
Malingana ndi msinkhu wanu, ndizotheka kuti muli ndi zochepa za thymus, koma nthawi zambiri, anthu akuluakulu sakhala ndi thymus yogwira ntchito. Atatha msinkhu, thymus imayamba kuchepa, kapena kuthamanga, ndipo imatenganso mafuta. Komabe, kuti musadandaule, popeza zimavomerezeka kuti thymus imapanga ma T-seli onse omwe mungawafunirepo mpaka pano. Ngakhale ntchito ya thymus ikuoneka ngati ikupera kuti ikhale wamkulu mukamakhala ndi zosiyana, kawirikawiri T-lymphocytes imapangidwanso m'thupi mwathu ndipo imabwereranso m'moyo wanu wonse.
Anthu amatha kusintha mosiyana kwambiri ndi kukula kwa thupi lanu. Thymus ndi yaikulu pamene tiri ana, polemera makilogalamu 25 pobadwa.
Pofika kulemera kwapakati pa zaka 12 ndi 19, pafupifupi pafupifupi magalamu 35 pafupipafupi, thymus pang'onopang'ono imafalikira kwa zaka zambiri, kuyambira zaka makumi asanu ndi ziwiri mpaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, ndikuchotsa minofu ya mafuta ndi mafuta. Ambiri ali pafupi magalamu 15 pa nthawi yomwe muli ndi zaka 60.
The Thymus Ndi 'Malangizi a Ntchito' kwa Ana Oyera Maselo Akumagazi
Maselo a magazi-maselo ofiira ndi oyera omwe amagazi-amachokera ku maselo omwe amakhala mumtambo. Panthawi ya kukula kwa mwana, maselo amtundu wa mafupa amatha kupita ku thymus, kumene maselo a thymus amapereka malo abwino, ndi maselo a maselo ndi zizindikiro zamagetsi, kuti awatsogolere bwino.
Pamene amtundu wa T-cell amachokera ku fupa lamthambo kupita ku thymus, amatchedwa thymocytes, ndipo zizindikiro ndi mahomoni kuchokera ku thymus, kuphatikizapo thymopoietin ndi thymosin, zimatsogolera chitukuko cha thymocytes kukhala akulu T-cells.
Thymus imatsimikizira kuti thymocytes izi zimakula kuti zikhale ndi 'zida' kapena zizindikiro pambali pa selo. Palinso ndondomeko yosankha ndi kusamba. Mwachitsanzo, pamodzi mwa ma checkpoints angapo, pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya thymocytes ali namsongole-pafupifupi 3 mpaka 5 peresenti ya thymocytes amakhalapo. Anthu opulumukawo amasiyana kwambiri ndi ma CD (+ CD8 + kapena CD4 +) ndipo amatha masiku pafupifupi 10 kumalo ena a thymus, kumene amaphunzira kusiyanitsa pakati pa 'odziwika' ndi zizindikiro za adani. Pambuyo pa njira yovutayi, ma T-maselo amatha kuchoka ku thymus ndikuchita ntchito zawo zosiyanasiyana m'thupi la chitetezo cha mthupi.
Zovuta Zowopsya
Kukulitsa kungakhale kotheka ku chinachake, kapena kungakhale zotsatira za matenda. Nthawi zina mukakhala ndi nkhawa kapena mankhwala ena monga chemotherapy ndi steroids, thymus ingakule. Thanzi lanu likhoza kuwonjezeredwa mu njira yotchedwa lymphoid hyperplasia, kapena kuti thymitis, yomwe ingakhale yogwirizana ndi matenda monga myasthenia gravis , systemic lupus erythematosus, nyamakazi ya nyamakazi, nyamakazi, scleroderma, ndi Graves matenda. Zina mwa matendawa zingakhale zojambulidwa ndi maselo a mitsempha yotupa .
Pamene madokotala akuyesa fungo lanu la chithunzithunzi, amayesera kusiyanitsa ngati chithunzicho ndi cha kukula kwa thymus ndi machitidwe oopsa, omwe amayamba kuyamba ngati malo okula kapena okulitsa. Zonsezi, zotupa za thymus ndizochepa. Akuti ndi ma 1.5 okha omwe amachitika kwa anthu miliyoni miliyoni chaka chilichonse ku US, kapena pafupifupi 400 pa chaka.
Thymoma vs. Thymic Carcinoma: A thymoma ndi chotupa chimene maselo otupa amawoneka ofanana ndi maselo ochiritsira a thymus. Matendawa amakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo amafala mobwerezabwereza kupitirira thymus. Mosiyana, maselo a zotupa m'thupi la thymic carcinoma amawoneka mosiyana kwambiri ndi maselo a thymic wathanzi, akukula mofulumira, ndipo nthawi zambiri amafalikira kumalo ena pamene khansayo imapezeka. Thymic carcinoma ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa ya thymoma.
Myasthenia Gravis: Myasthenia gravis ndi matenda omwe amadzimva okhaokha omwe amawoneka ndi zofooka za minofu modzipereka kapena minofu ya thupi. Pafupifupi 30 peresenti mpaka 65 peresenti ya anthu omwe muli ndi thymomas ali ndi myasthenia gravis, ndipo izi ndi kutali ndi matenda omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi thymomas. Mu myasthenia gravis, thupi molakwika limapangitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tizilumikiza pa maselo a minofu, kutseka zizindikiro za mankhwala zomwe zimayambitsa minofu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lofooka kwambiri.
Anthu omwe ali ndi myasthenia gravis amatha kutopa mosavuta ndipo amatha kuona vuto pamene akukwera masitepe kapena kuyenda mtunda wautali. Anthu ambiri okhala ndi thymomas ali ndi myasthenia gravis, koma anthu ambiri ndi myasthenia gravis alibe thymomas.
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi lanu lisapangidwe bwino lingakhudze chitetezo cha mthupi. Matenda a DiGeorge ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi chomwe chimakhudzana ndi kusintha kwa chibadwa, nthawi zambiri kuchotsa chidziwitso cha majeremusi kuchokera ku chromosome, chromosome 22. Mitundu yonse ya zozizwitsa zamatenda ndi zotheka ku matenda a DiGeorge, komabe. Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matendawa, amakhala ndi matenda okhudzana ndi matupi a T aukhondo. Kupezeka kwathunthu kwa thymus ndi kotheka, koma zikuwoneka kuti ndizochepa kwambiri kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a DiGeorge.
> Zotsatira:
> The Thmus Gland: Kuzindikira ndi Opaleshoni Yopangidwira yokonzedwa ndi Kyriakos Anastasiadis, Chandi Ratnatunga. Springer Science & Business Media, Jun 7, 2007.
> Baron RL, Lee JK, Sagel SS et-al. Kulemba tomography wa thymus. Zamankhwala. 1982; 142 (1): 121-5.
> Popoveniuc G, Sharma M, Devdhar M & al. Matenda a manda ndi thymic hyperplasia: mgwirizano wa mphamvu ya thymic ndi chithokomiro ntchito. Chithokomiro. 2010; 20 (9): 1015-8.