Matenda opatsirana monga polio, malungo, ndi nthendayi ya nthata imayambitsa mavuto ndi imfa padziko lonse chaka chilichonse. Komabe, poyesetsa khama, anthu angathe kuthetsa matenda ena opatsirana.
Kodi kuthetsa matenda opatsirana ndi chiyani? Zimatanthauza kuti matendawa amachotsedwa padziko lonse ndipo palibenso milandu kulikonse.
Pakalipano m'mbiri ya anthu, takhazikitsa ndi kuthetsa matenda awiri.
Matenda Awiri Opatsirana Atha Kuchotsedwa
Mu 1979, dziko lapansi linapeza vuto lomaliza la chirombo. Nkhani yomalizayi inali mwa mwamuna wina ku Somalia, yemwe anali ndi kachilombo ka HIV (Vuto), yomwe imapha 1% kapena ocheperapo a iwo omwe amavomereza. Mkhalidwe womaliza wa matenda oopsa kwambiri ( V. waukulu, umene umapha anthu pafupifupi 30%) unali wachinyamata ku Bangladesh mu 1975.
Nthomba , matenda ozunguliridwa ndi mlengalenga, anaimitsidwa chifukwa 1) panali katemera , 2) matendawa ankawonekera mosavuta, 3) nyama sizinatengere matenda (zomwe zingakhale zovuta kutsatira), ndi 4) matendawa anali Chowopsya panali chigwirizano cha chilengedwe chonse kuti apereke zothandizira kuti asiye izo.
Kutayika kwa nthomba kunakwaniritsidwa kudzera pulogalamu yayikulu ya katemera. Mabungwe a zaumoyo amapanga mapulogalamu a katemera powerenga mayiko omwe ali ndi nthomba ndi kumayendayenda ndi katemera ndi katemera zilizonse zomwe zinachitika.
Pali zipolopolo za nthomba zomwe zinasungidwa ku US ndi Soviet Union (tsopano ndi Russia). Ngozi imodzi ya labu m'chaka cha 1978 inachititsa munthu wojambula zithunzi, yemwe anamwalira komanso anatenga kachilombo ka mayi ake, amene anapulumuka. Izi ndizo zenizeni zotsiriza za matenda oopsa kwambiri.
Mu 2011, dziko lapansi linali lopanda matenda ena.
Ndi matenda a ziweto (njuchi, nyere, antelope, girafa, ndi nyama zina). Nkhumba zowonongeka zinkakhala ngati alimi a alimi amphaka ndipo ankawoneka kuti ndi wothandizidwa kuti azikhala ndi bioterrorism chifukwa anthu amadalira ng'ombezi kuti azidyera zakudya.
Matenda Opatsirana Amene Angathetse
Nazi matenda asanu ndi anayi opatsirana omwe anthu angakhoze kuwathetsa.
Polio
Polio akhoza kuimitsidwa kudzera mu katemera. Kachilombo kameneka kakufalikira makamaka kudzera m'madzi oipitsidwa ndi madzi osamba popanda ukhondo wokwanira. Matenda opitirira 95% samadziwika chifukwa ali ndi zizindikiro zochepa kapena zochepa. Ndipotu matenda ambiri (72%) alibe zizindikiro, koma ena (25%) ali ndi zizindikiro monga chimfine, kusanza, kutsekula m'mimba, malungo, zilonda, ndi kutopa.
Komabe, 4 peresenti ya polio, matendawa amachititsa chiwalo chozungulira ubongo ndi msana, ndipo mu 0,5%, amatha kudwala ziwalo, nthawi zina pamilingo, koma nthawi zina pamphuno kapena nkhope. Anthu ambiri amapulumuka, koma mwa iwo omwe ali olumala, pafupifupi 2% mpaka 5% mwa ana ndipo 15% mpaka 30% akulu amamwalira ndi matendawa.
Chifukwa chakuti milandu yambiri ya polio siimabweretsa zizindikiro zenizeni ndipo madzi akhoza kufalitsa matendawa, zimakhala zovuta kudziwa nthawi yomwe poliyo yayenda.
Mitundu iwiri mwazikuluzikuluzikulu zikhoza kuthetsedwa kale: Mtundu wa 2 unayambanso kuwonedwa mu 1999 ku India, ndipo mtundu wa 3 sunayambe wakhalapo kuyambira November 2012. Anthu pafupifupi 80 peresenti ya anthu padziko lapansi amakhala m'madera omwe alibe polio, ndipo poliovirus zakutchire zikuwonekera kuti zikuzungulira m'mayiko atatu okha: Afghanistan, Nigeria, ndi Pakistan. Katemera akhoza kuthetsa matendawa.
Dracunculiasis ( Matenda Oipa a Guinea ( GWD )
Matendawa, omwe amaphatikizapo matendawa ndi mphutsi, sizimayambitsa imfa koma zimayambitsa matenda ambiri ku matenda a bakiteriya ndi ululu. Zimayambitsa mphutsi za mphutsi zomwe zimakhala mumadzi osamwa, ndipo anthu amamwa madziwa.
Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi mutatha kumwa madzi owonongeka, munthu amene ali ndi kachilombo amavutika ndi khungu lopweteka chifukwa cha mphutsi, kawirikawiri pamimba kapena phazi.
Matendawa amafalikira pamene munthu ameneyo amalowa mumsewu ndi mwendo wodwala. Choncho, matenda a mphutsi amatha kuchepetsedwa mwa kusunga madzi akumwa ndi kusunga anthu kunja kwa madzi.
Yaws
Izi ndi matenda owopsa chifukwa cha mabakiteriya a spirochete, otchedwa Treponema palladium, omwe amagwirizana ndi syphilis (ndi Bejel ndi Pinta) omwe amakhudza khungu, komanso mafupa ndi ziwalo. Mankhwalawa amatha kuchiritsidwa ndipo potsirizira pake amathetsedwa ndi mlingo umodzi wa mankhwala opatsirana.
Ntchito yochiza ma antibayotiki yambiri inathetsa matendawa m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960. Lero, matendawa amapezeka m'mayiko 14 ndi nyengo yotentha, ndipo pali ntchito yothetsera mankhwalawa.
Malaria
Malaria , matenda ofala kwambiri, akhoza kukhala Kutetezedwa ndi kuika udzudzu umene umafalitsa matenda a malungo . Matendawa amakhudza anthu ambiri chaka chilichonse, ndipo amafa pafupifupi 207 miliyoni ndi 627,000. Madzudzu atsekedwa kudzera mu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, maukonde a mabedi, mabakiteriya omwe amachiza udzudzu, ndi udzudzu wambiri.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Kutengera kwa ziphuphu, zomwe zimakhala m'madera osauka bwino ndikulowa m'madontho a anthu, zikhoza kuimitsidwa ndi zipinda zamkati ndi nsapato. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ziphuphu zinkapezeka kumwera kwa US, koma kumalo osungirako zowonongeka komanso kuzitsuka kwabwino kunachepetsa kufalikira kwake. Komabe, anthu okwana 500 mpaka 700 miliyoni padziko lonse adakali ndi zinyama.
Filariasis Lymphatic
Izi zikhoza kuperekedwa mwa kupereka aliyense mankhwala kuti aziteteza kamodzi pachaka, ndipo, monga malungo, mwa kuika udzudzu. Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha nyongolotsi yochepa yomwe imafalikira ndi udzudzu (mitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma makamaka udzudzu wotchedwa anopheles kumadzulo kwa dziko lapansi). Nyongolotsi imayenda ndipo imavala ma lymph dongosolo la munthu wodwala. Izi zimachititsa miyendo yotupa kapena mapulogalamu (elephantiasis) ndikumenyana ndi matenda ena monga momwe maselo am'mimba amathandizira chitetezo cha mthupi.
Kuchokera mu 2012, m'mayiko 56, pakhala mankhwala opatsirana ndi mankhwala awiri omwe amaperekedwa chaka ndi chaka kuti athetse matendawa. 13 mwa maikowa alibe chidziwitso chodziwika tsopano, koma 120 miliyoni ali ndi kachilombo ndipo 40 miliyoni ali osokonezeka padziko lonse lapansi.
Zakudya
Zakudya zimatha kuyimitsidwa ndi katemera. Vutoli limayambitsa kutentha, malungo, komanso nthawi zina chibayo komanso encephalitis (kutupa kwa ubongo). Icho chimakhala ndi mlengalenga ndipo chimakhala ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cha matenda. Munthu mmodzi akhoza kulandira ena 15. Ambiri amatsutsa, koma ku US 0.2% ya matendawa amabweretsa imfa ndipo 6% amachititsa chibayo.
Milandu inali itatha pambuyo pa katemerayo atapatsidwa chilolezo mu 1963, koma panali kubwezeretsedwa mu zaka za m'ma 1990. Kuchuluka kwa katemera kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa milandu, ndi imfa, ku US Matendawa afalikira ndi kuyenda, kuphatikizapo kuphulika ku Philippines komanso ku UK ndi kumadera ena a ku Ulaya.
Rubella
Izi zikhoza kuimitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito katemera wa rubella ndi katemera. Ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda kamene kamayambitsa matendawa ndipo imayambitsa kupsa mtima, malungo, zilonda zotupa, ndi ziwalo zina. Omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi makanda a amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo pa nthawi ya mimba. Congenital rubella imayambitsa mtima, chiwindi, spleen, ndi ubongo, komanso kugontha ndi ubongo.
Icho chinachotsedwa ku US ndi kumadera kulikonse ku America.
Onchocerciasis (Khungu la Mtsinje)
Onchocerciasis ndi chifukwa chachiwiri chochititsa khungu padziko lapansi. Ikhoza kuimitsidwa ndi kuchiritsidwa kwa anthu omwe ali m'madera okhudzidwa.
Ntchentche zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje ikhoza kutumiza mphutsi, Onchocerca volvulus, kwa anthu m'madera awa. Mbozi zimenezi kamodzi mwa munthu zimatha kubereka mphutsi zambirimbiri zomwe zimafalitsa kwa maso ndi khungu zomwe zimachititsa khungu (ndi mavuto a khungu).
Mfundo Yofunika Kwambiri
Pali matenda omwe tatsala pang'ono kuima. Zimakhala zosavuta kuzizindikira komanso zoopsa kuti tiyesetse kuziwona. Amakhalanso ndi njira zowonongera, kuphatikizapo katemera, kusungirako zowonongeka, ndi mankhwala. Ambiri amapezekanso mwa anthu okha, kupeĊµa kufunika kosaka nyama zakutchire zomwe zili ndi kachilombo.
> Chitsime:
> CD Russell. Kuthetsa Matenda Opatsirana: Kodi Tingathe Ndipo Tiyenera Kutero? Malire a Immunology. 2011; 2: 53.