Pambuyo pa Zika: Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa Pankhani ya Mitsempha Yopweteka

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6 Matenda Osokoneza Madzi

Ambiri Ambiri amaganiza za udzudzu mwachidule: Kuluma kwa udzudzu kumachokera kwa udzudzu. Komabe, pali mitundu yambiri ya udzudzu kunja uko, ndipo mitundu yambiri ya udzudzu imapangitsa zambiri osati kungowonjezera chabe kuchitapo kanthu kowopsa komwe kumakhala komweko kapena kutentha kofiira. Ming'anga yambiri imatha kufalitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda aakulu.

Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa udzudzu wa Culex umafalitsa kachilombo ka West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis ndi arboviridae. Madzudzu a Anophelus amafalitsa malungo. Ndiyetu, udzudzu wa Aedes makamaka Aedes aegypti komanso Aedes ablopictus -wotchedwa chikasu, dengue, chikungunya, ndi Zika virus.

Chinthu chimodzi chachikulu chomwe chimathandiza kuti udzudzu ukwanitse kufalitsa matenda ndizofuna kukonda malo. Culex pipiens , yomwe imafalikira kumadzulo kwa Nile, imakonda kwambiri, yodetsedwa, ndi madzi onyenga. Anopheles mitundu, yomwe imafalikira malungo, imakonda malo osungira madzi, monga nyanja, mabwato, ndi mathithi.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Aedes aegypti , yomwe imafalitsa kachilombo ka Zika , dengue, ndi chikungunya, ndi ming'oma yamadzi osefukira omwe angathe kubzala mumadzi pang'ono, kuphatikizapo zida zazing'ono. Mosiyana ndi Aedes ablopictus , yomwe ili ndi udzudzu wakumidzi ndipo sakhala yogwira ntchito pofalitsa matenda kuphatikizapo Zika kachilombo, Aedes aegypti ali ndi malo apadera m'midzi.

Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, malowa akufotokozera chifukwa chake Zika zakhala zikuphulika mvula, yonyowa pokhala, malo okhala ndi anthu ambiri monga a Brazil. Monga momwe mwadziwira, pafupifupi milandu 4000 ya microcephaly, omwe ambiri amaganiza kuti ali okhudzana ndi matenda a amayi a Zika, adapezeka ku Brazil mu 2015.

Nazi matenda asanu ndi amodzi osiyana ndi udzudzu:

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Chiwombankhanga Chofiira

Mu 1904, Achimereka anayamba kumanga pa Panama Canal (pambuyo poti a France achoka ntchitoyi), yomwe lero imayanjana ndi Atlantic ndi Pacific Oceans. Pofika m'chaka cha 1906, anthu 85 mwa anthu 100 alionse anagwira ntchito m'chipatala ndi yellow fever kapena malungo. Mwa matendawa odwala udzudzu, yellow fever ankaonedwa kuti ndi yopweteka kwambiri.

Chiwombankhanga chimafalitsidwa makamaka ndi Aedes aegypti , yomwe imadziwikanso ndi udzudzu wa yellow fever . Mabedi otentha a matenda ndi Africa ndi Latin America. Zizindikiro za chikondwerero cha chikasu zimatha kuchoka ku matenda ochepa mpaka kutentha kwa thupi. (Ebola ndi dengue ingayambitsenso matenda a chiwindi.)

Kutentha kwa dzuwa kumapha pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya anthu onse omwe amachititsa. Zizindikiro zoopsa zimaphatikizapo kutentha thupi, kupweteka, kusanza, kupweteka kumutu, kukomoka, kukomoka, ndi mantha. Chizindikiro chachitatu cha zizindikiro ndi albuminuria (mapuloteni mu mkodzo), jaundice (ndicho chifukwa chake matendawa akutchedwa yellow fever) ndi emesis wakuda, kapena masanzi.

Chithandizo cha chikondwerero cha chikasu ndi chizindikiro komanso chimaphatikizapo mankhwala opatsirana kupweteka ndi madzi. Pali katemera wabwino kwambiri omwe amalepheretsa kutentha thupi kwa chikasu.

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Chikungunya

Monga chimfine, chikungunya imafalitsidwa ndi Aedes aegypti . Chikungunya imafalikiranso ndi udzudzu waku Asia ( Aedes albopictus ).

Mwinamwake chinthu chokha chokha chokhudza chikungunya , kupatula dzina lake lotchuka, ndikuti matendawa sangakuphe. Komabe, ngati muli ovuta kwambiri kuti mukhale ndi matendawa, khalani okonzeka ulendo umodzi wa sabata.

Chikungunya amachititsa ululu waukulu, ululu, malungo, ndi kupweteka. Mavuto amodzi angapitirire kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pa matenda.

Zina osati mankhwala othandizira, monga madzi ndi mankhwala opweteka monga Tylenol, palibe chochita kwa chikungunya. Palinso katemera woteteza matendawa. Anthu omwe amakhala m'madera kumene chikungunya akupezeka ayenera kuvala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuphimba kuti tipewe udzudzu wa udzudzu.

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Dengue

Dengue imafalikira ndi Aedes aegypti ndi Aedes albopictus .

Dengue amasonyeza zambiri monga chikungunya; malungo, kuthamanga, ndi kupweteka mutu kumaphatikizapo maphunzirowo. Komabe, mmalo mwa ululu wothandizira (arthralgia) mofanana ndi chikungunya, dengue imakhala ndi ululu wamisala kapena myalgia. Kupwetekedwa kwa minofu kumakhala koopsa kotero kuti dengue yatsala pang'ono kuyendetsa: "breakbone fever."

Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a dengue amapezanso. Mwamwayi, ena amapitiriza kukhala ndi matenda obwera chifukwa cha malungo , omwe amawopsa kwambiri komanso osamalimbikitsa komanso osamalitsa, komanso magazi, komanso kuwasamalira. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a dengue omwe amasiyidwa osatengedwa amatha kutuluka magazi kuchokera kumbali zambiri za thupi ndipo akhoza kufa ndi mantha.

Dengue fever imachiritsidwa mwachizindikiro, ndipo palibe mankhwala alipo.

Pambuyo pa zaka 20 za kafukufuku, Sanofi, yemwe amagwira ntchito yopanga mankhwala ku France, anapanga katemera wa dengue mu 2015.

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Malaria

Malaria imafalikira ndi udzudzu wa Anophelus , umene umanyamula Plasmodium ya mavitamini.

Malungo ndi omwe amachititsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kufa pa chaka; imafalikira m'mayiko ambiri omwe akutukuka kumene kuli madera otentha komanso otentha.

Nazi zizindikiro zambiri za malungo:

• ziwonongeko zapakati pa fever, thukuta, ndi ziwombankhanga
• mutu
• kusanza
• kupweteka kwa minofu (myalgia)
• kuperewera kwa magazi
• thrombocytopenia (kuonongeka kwa mapaleletsiti)
• splenomegaly (phula lokulitsa)

Matenda opatsirana ndi malungo amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa thupi, kuthamanga kwa magazi (mpweya woopsa wa magazi), mpweya wam'mapapo (madontho m'mapapo), kuperewera kwa magazi, kuchepa kwa mchere (thupi).

Mwamwayi, mankhwala osokoneza bongo amathandiza kwambiri pakulera malungo; Chloroquine ndi mankhwala a mzere woyamba.

Mankhwala opatsirana pogonana angathenso kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga chithandizo choteteza matenda a malungo kwa apaulendo.

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Ma Virusi a West Nile

Kumphepete mwa nyanja zam'mwera ku United States, Culex pipiens imafalitsa kachilombo ka West Nile. Mosiyana ndi zina zomwe tatchulazi, zomwe zimafalitsa matenda pakati pa anthu, Culex pipiens amapita kumadzulo kwa Nile atatha kumeza mbalame kenako kenako munthu wachiwiri.

Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka West Nile amatsika popanda zizindikilo ndipo amadziwika bwino. CDC ikunena kuti mmodzi wa anthu asanu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka West Nile amakhala ndi zizindikiro zochepa za thupi, kuphatikizapo malungo, kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, kupweteka, komanso mabala ndi ululu.

Anthu ochepa - makamaka anthu oposa zaka 60 ali ndi matenda monga shuga, matenda oopsa, kapena khansa - pitirizani kukhala ndi matenda aakulu. Matenda owopsa amatenga mavuto a ubongo: meningitis kapena encephalitis. Pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya anthu amene ali ndi matenda oopsawa amafa.

Palibe mankhwala kapena katemera wa kachilombo ka West Nile. Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ochepa, mankhwala opatsirana amaperekedwa. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda aakulu amafunika kusamalidwa komanso kuchipatala.

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Zika Virus

Monga dengue, yellow fever, ndi chikungunya, kachilombo ka Zika makamaka kakufalikira ndi Aedes aegypti .

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2016, bungwe la WHO linanena kuti Zika ndizochitika mthupi mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha chigwirizano chokhwima cha microcephaly ndi zina zolepheretsa kubadwa pakati pa ana aang'ono a ku Brazil.

_Zotsatira:

_{Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ. Malaria. Mu: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ. eds. Kufufuza kwachangu kwachipatala ndi chithandizo 2016 . New York, NY: Hill ya McGraw; 2016. Anapezeka pa February 05, 2016.}

_{Venugopal R, D'Andrea S. Oyenda Padziko Lonse. Mu: Tintinalli JE, Stapczynski J, Ma O, DM Yealy, Mkulu GD, Cline DM. eds. Mankhwala Odzidzimutsa a Tintinalli: Buku Lophunzira Loyamba, 8e . New York, NY: Hill ya McGraw; 2016. Anapezeka pa February 04, 2016.}