Kodi Zipembedzo Zimanena Chiyani Zokhudza Kugonana ndi Kulera?

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Kodi Zipembedzo Zimanena Chiyani Zokhudza Kugonana ndi Kulera?

Kwa anthu ambiri, chipembedzo chimathandiza kwambiri pakugwiritsira ntchito zisankho zokhuza kubereka . Kudziwa za kulera kubwerezedwa kuyambira kale. Malemba oyambirira a zachipembedzo achiIslam, malemba achiyuda akale, ndi malemba opatulika achihindu amatchula kuti njira zothandizira kulera zitsamba zingayambitse kuperewera kwa kanthaŵi kochepa. Malingaliro achipembedzo okhudza kulera ana amasiyana kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale zipembedzo zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizo zotsutsana kwambiri ndi njira zolera kubereka ziri ndi miyambo yomwe imalola kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kulera . Kodi zipembedzo zina zimayang'ana bwanji za kubereka ndi kulera? Malingaliro a kulera amavomerezedwa ndi zipembedzo m'madera osiyanasiyana monga chikhalidwe chabwino, chisankho choyenera, ndi ufulu wapadera waumunthu. Zipembedzo za padziko lapansi zimadziwa kuti kulera kumathandiza kumanga mabanja olimba, kuteteza thanzi la amayi ndi ana, kuchepetsa ana komanso kugwiriridwa, komanso kupeŵa kutenga mimba zosayembekezereka .

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Chikhristu ndi Aprotestanti a Evangelical

Mfundo zachikhristu zokhudzana ndi kubadwa zimachokera ku ziphunzitso za tchalitchi m'malo molemba malemba (popeza Baibulo silimanena pang'ono za kulera). Choncho zikhulupiliro zokhudzana ndi kubadwa zimakhala zochokera kumasulidwe osiyanasiyana achikristu a ukwati, kugonana, ndi banja. Chikhristu chinatsutsa kuti Chikristu ndi cholepheretsa cholinga cha Mulungu chokwatira chaukwati mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Apulotesitanti aumulungu anayamba kukhala okonzeka kuvomereza kuti chikhalidwe chiyenera kuchokera ku chikumbumtima cha munthu aliyense osati kuchokera ku ziphunzitso zakunja.

Akhristu ambiri anayamba kuganiza kuti kugonana ndi mphatso yochokera kwa Mulungu komanso mphamvu yomwe ingalimbikitse chikhazikitso chaukwati ngati maanja sakuopsezedwa chifukwa chokhala ndi ana omwe sangathe kuwathandiza. Zipembedzo zambiri zachipulotesitanti, azamulungu, ndi mipingo zimalola kuti kusamalidwa bwino komanso zitha kulimbikitsa kukonzekera kulera ngati chofunika kwambiri. Monga momwe zilili ndi makhalidwe onse achikhristu, zimatsindika kuti mamembala amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowalera monga momwe chikumbumtima chawo chimanenera.

Apulotesitanti a Evangelical:

Kuponderezedwa kwa kubala ndiko kukula m'magulu a Evangelical omwe amakhulupirira kwambiri za ziphunzitso za Chikatolika. Ena amatsutsa njira zonse zoberekera kuti abwerere pamene ena amalola kulera kwachilengedwe koma amatsutsa njira zina. Mipingo ina imathandizira mtundu uliwonse wa njira zoberekera zomwe zimalepheretsa kutenga pakati koma zimatsutsana ndi njira iliyonse yomwe imathandiza kuti dzira la umuna lisalowe mu chiberekero. Mu 1954, Evangelical Lutheran Church ku America inati "kuti athe kulandira madalitso a Mulungu ndi mphotho yowonjezereka, okwatirana ayenera kukonzekera ndi kulamulira kugonana kwawo kuti mwana aliyense wobadwa m'banja lawo azifunidwa yekha komanso kugwirizana ndi nthawi ya kubadwa kwake. "

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Aprotestanti - Southern Baptist ndi United Methodists

Chipembedzo chachikulu cha Chiprotestanti cha mtunduwu, Southern Baptist, chimagwiritsa ntchito njira zina za kulera ndi okwatirana. Komiti ya Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission imathandiza kutsimikizira kuti mpingo ukhoza kupeza njira zogwiritsira ntchito choonadi cha Baibulo ku mfundo za makhalidwe abwino, za anthu, komanso ufulu wa chipembedzo. Izi zimapanga chitsanzo cha Baibulo monga maziko omwe Akristu angayesere nkhani za ufulu ndi zachipembedzo zomwe zikukumana ndi mabanja m'miyambo yamakono. Tchalitchi chimakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya kulera , monga njira yowonetsera chiwerengero cha ana omwe ali ndi banja ali ndi njira yothetsera zaka za ana, ndilo lingaliro labwino lomwe limasiyidwa kwa banja lirilonse. Komabe, Southern Baptist amatanthawuza kuti banja limagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a kulera komwe amaletsa kutenga pakati.

United Methodist Church:

Amethodisti, chipembedzo chachiwiri chachipulotesitanti cha fukoli, amalalikira kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu komanso ntchito yake mwapemphero komanso udindo woyang'anira mimba malinga ndi momwe akukhalira. Kugwirizana kwa United Methodist pa Ubale Wodalirika kumafuna kuti ngati njira yotsimikizirira miyeso yopatulika yaumunthu, zoyenera kuchita ziyenera kupangidwa ndi anthu ammudzi ndi makolo kuti atsimikizire kuti mwana aliyense alowe padziko lapansi ndi thupi labwino ndipo amabadwira mu malo okonzedwa kuthandiza mwanayo kuti akwaniritse zomwe angathe. Ndicho chifukwa chake Amethodisti amathandiza ndalama zothandizira anthu komanso kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchito zothandizira mabanja.

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Chiyuda

Malingaliro oletsa kubadwa amasiyana pakati pa nthambi za Orthodox, Conservative, ndi Reform za Chiyuda. Torah imalimbikitsa kubala kwakukulu; Arabi a Orthodox amakhulupirira kuti kubala ndi kuchulukitsa ndi udindo wamwamuna. Koma a rabbi ambiri amaletsa kubereka pamene amayi ali ndi pakati. Buku la Genesis limatchulidwa pamene ankagonana Onan "adataya mbewu yake pansi" ( kuchotsa ). Ichi chinali "choipa pamaso pa Ambuye" ndipo adalangidwa ndi imfa ya Onan. Chiyuda chimagwiritsa ntchito ndimeyi kuti idziwe njira zowathandiza kulera. Chifukwa chakuti mapiritsi osamalidwa amachititsa kuti mimba isakhale yofooka ndipo samapewa mchenga kuti asayende njira yake yeniyeni, ndi mitundu ina ya mavitamini opatsirana pogonana amavomereza njira zothandizira "kutaya mbewu".

Lamulo lachiyuda limapangitsa ana kukhala dalitso. Choncho munthu sangapewe kubereka kapena atenge thupi mpaka atabala mwana. Ayuda osasintha ndi kusinthika amawona kuti ubwino woletsa kubereka (ubwino wa amayi, kukhazikika kwa banja, kapena kupewa matenda) kumatsatira lamulo "kusankha moyo" molimba koposa ngati iwo akuswa lamulo "kuberekana ndi kuchulukitsa."

Malamulo achiyuda a niddah (kusamalidwa kwa banja) samalola mkazi kugonana nthawi yake. Ngati mkazi wachiyuda wa Orthodox akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoberekera , amatha kusankha njira yomwe imachepetsa mwayi wowonjezera magazi. Chiyuda chimasonyezanso kuti akwatibwi amagwiritsira ntchito mapiritsi . Chifukwa cha nidda , akwatibwi achiyuda angathe kuyesa nthawi yawo asanakwatirane kuti athetse mwayi wokhala nawo pa tsiku laukwati wawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pambuyo pa mwambo waukwati, Ayuda omwe angokwatirana kumene akuyenera kuchoka kupita kuchipinda chapadera kwa nthawi yokha, yotchedwa Yichud . Yichud imapereka kutha kwa ukwati ndipo ndizofunikira pa lamulo lachiyuda la Orthodox.

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Chihindu

Chihindu chimalimbikitsa kubereka m'banja, komabe palibe kutsutsidwa motsutsana ndi kulera . Ambiri Ambiri amavomereza kuti pali udindo wokhala ndi banja nthawi imeneyi. Kotero iwo sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolerera kuti asakhale ndi ana palimodzi.

Malemba achihindu achikhalidwe amatamanda mabanja akuluakulu (omwe anali achilendo nthawi zakale). Komabe, malemba Achihindu omwe amawombera mabanja ang'onoang'ono akupezekapo omwe akutsindika chitukuko cha chikumbumtima chabwino cha chikhalidwe. Kotero, kulera kwa mabanja kumawoneka ngati wabwino. The Upanishads (malemba opatula mfundo zazikulu za Chihindu) amafotokoza njira zoletsa kubereka, ndipo malemba ena achihindu ali ndi uphungu pa zomwe abambo ayenera kuchita kuti adziwe kulandira chithandizo (motero amapereka uphungu wa njira za kulera).

Zizindikiro za kulera zimasiyanasiyana pakati pa akatswiri achihindu. Ngakhale kuti Gandhi ankalimbikitsa kudziletsa ngati njira ya kulera, Radhakrishnan (katswiri wafilosofi wa ku India) ndi Tagore (wolemba mabuku kwambiri m'magazini ya Indian modern) adalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira njira zolera . Mfundo zokhuza kubereka zimachokera ku ziphunzitso za chihindu za Chihindu. Dharma (chiphunzitso cha machitidwe achipembedzo ndi makhalidwe a Ahindu) chimatsindika kufunikira kochitapo kanthu chifukwa cha ubwino wa dziko lapansi. Ahindu ena, amakhulupirira kuti kubereka ana ambiri kuposa chilengedwe kapena chinyama kumathandizira kutsutsana ndi code iyi ya Chihindu. Ngakhale kuti kubereka ndi kofunika, kulera ana ambiri kuposa momwe angathandizidwe kumawoneka ngati akuphwanya Ahimsa (malamulo osadziletsa).

Mu 1971, kuchotsa mimba kunalembedwa mwalamulo ku India, ndipo nthawi zambiri palibe chotsutsana nacho. India imakhala ndi anthu ambiri, kotero kukambirana za kulera zapadera kumaphatikizapo zambiri pazomwe zimakhalapo kusiyana ndi makhalidwe abwino. India ndilo dziko loyamba kukhazikitsa njira za boma pogwiritsa ntchito njira zolerera.

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Islam

Kusiyana kwakukulu pamalingaliro a kubereka kungapezeke mu chikhulupiriro cha Chisilamu. Chifukwa chakuti kusamalidwa sikuletsedwa mu Qur'an, akatswiri ambiri achi Muslim amavomereza kulera. Komabe, ena akukhulupiliranso kuti malamulo oletsa kubadwa amaletsedwa monga Qur'an ili ndi lamulo "kubereka ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero." Akatswiriwa amanena kuti Mulungu yekha ndi amene angasankhe chiwerengero cha ana omwe angakhale nawo.

Mabuku oyambirira a Muslim Sunni akukambirana njira zosiyanasiyana zowonetsera, ndipo amasonyeza kuti chizoloŵezi cha azl ( kuchotsa ) chimavomerezeka monga momwe mneneri Muhammad adachitira. Chiphunzitso cha Sunni chokhudzana ndi kulera zimasonyeza kuti njira iliyonse yobereka yosabereka ndi yofanana ndi azl ndipo imavomerezedwa.

Ngakhale kuti izi ndizosiyana, Islam imatsindika kuti kubereka m'banja ndi udindo wachipembedzo, kotero kumakana kukana ndi kubereka modzimodzi. Miyambo yambiri ya Chisilamu idzavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera kumene amayi amayi ali vuto kapena kumene moyo wa banja ungasokonezedwe. Chikhulupiliro cha Chisilamu chimaika patsogolo moyo waumunthu, kotero kukhala wokhoza kupatula nthawi yobereka kumathandiza amayi kuti azikhala ndi nthawi yokwanira yosamalira mwana aliyense. Mdziko la Shia lachi Islam, kulera chithandizo sikungophunzitsidwa kwa okwatirana okha, koma kulimbikitsidwa kwa achinyamata. Kugonjera kumathandizidwa chifukwa chachuma; Zimathandiza kuteteza moyo wa mayi ndikupereka ana ake. Asilamu amakhulupirira kuti kulera chithandizo kumathandiza kusungira kukongola kwa mkazi, motero kuwonjezera chisangalalo chaukwati. Kwa amayi achi Muslim, kukonzekera njira za kulera ndizofunika kwambiri kuti alimbikitse. Chikhulupiliro cha Chisilamu chimapereka ufulu wotanthauzira, womwe umasonyezedwa ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ndondomeko ya kulera ndi ma Muslim ndi maiko osiyanasiyana.

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Taoism, Confucianism ndi Sikhism

Umboni wa kubereka zoberekera umabwerera zaka zikwi zambiri ku China. Zipembedzo za ku China zimagogomezera kufunika kokhala ndi chiyanjano ndi mgwirizano mwa munthu aliyense, banja, ndi anthu. Popeza kukhala ndi ana ochulukirapo kungathe kukhumudwitsa izi, kulera ana wakhala gawo lapadera la kugonana kwaumunthu mu Taoism ndi Confucianism. Mu zipembedzo za Chitchaina, kugonana ndi chisangalalo chogonana ndizolemekezedwa ndikukondedwa pamodzi ndi kufunika kokhala moyenera. Kuyenerera kumatchedwanso khalidwe la kubereka. Chifukwa cha ichi, kulimbikitsana pang'ono ndichipembedzo kwa kubereka, komanso kuchotsa mimba kumaloledwa.

Kawirikawiri, Taoist sizotsutsana ndi kulera. Kugonjera kumayesedwa ndi zotsatira zolakwika zomwe zingabwere chifukwa cha mimba zosafuna . Confucians, mosiyana ndi Taoists, amaika kwambiri kubereka kusiyana ndi chisangalalo ndi luso la kugonana. Confucians sali ovomerezeka kuti azitha kulera pamene akuwongolera chiletso chirichonse chimene Mulungu wapatsidwa kuti abereke. Komabe, amakhulupirira kuti mwamuna ndi mkazi ali ndi udindo wokonza njira za kulera.

Sikhism:

Palibe mulemba la Sikh yomwe imatsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolerera . Kukonzekera kwabwino mwanzeru kumalimbikitsidwa ndi anthu ammudzi. Banja limasankha kuti ndi ana angati omwe akufuna ndipo akhoza kuthandizira, kaya asagwiritse ntchito njira zoberekera kapena osagwiritsa ntchito njira. Zosankha za kulera zimakhudza zosowa za banja. Ngakhale kuti Sikh sichifukwa choletsa kubereka, saloledwa kuchigwiritsa ntchito ngati njira yopewera mimba chifukwa cha khalidwe lachigololo.

Ambiri a Sikh amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoberekera; komabe, kwa ena, kubeleka kumakhudzana ndi chilakolako ndipo zimawoneka ngati zosokoneza ku chilengedwe cha kubereka. Palinso lamulo lachipembedzo lochotsa mimba. Ena samachirikiza chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti mwanayo ali ndi moyo. Koma chigamulochi chimaonedwa ngati chosankha chaumwini.

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Chibuddha

Mu Buddhism, palibe chiphunzitso chokhazikika chokhudzana ndi kulera . Chiphunzitso cha Chibuddha cha Chikhalidwe chimapangitsa kuti chithandizidwe kuti chikhale chonchi pazomwe zimalepheretsa kubereka, kotero ena akukayikira kuti ayambe kukumana ndi chilengedwe cha moyo. A Buddhist akhoza kuvomereza njira zonse za kulera koma ndi madigiri osiyana. Choipa kwambiri ndi kuchotsa mimba kapena 'kupha munthu kukhala.'

Mu Buddhism, kukhala wokoma ndilo mkhalidwe waukulu wa chiweruzo. Lingaliro lokhudzana ndi izi ndi zikhulupiliro za Buddhism za udindo wa kholo. Buddhism imalalikira kufunikira kwa anthu kusamalira ana awo, kotero iwo akhoza kukula ndi moyo wabwino. Choncho, ziphunzitso za Chibuda zimathandizira kulera koyenera pamene anthu akuganiza kuti zingakhale zolemetsa kwa iwo okha kapena malo awo okhala ndi ana ambiri. Kugonjera kumawathandiza maanja kukonzekera kuti akhale ndi ana angapo komanso kupewa nambala yambiri ya mimba. Mabuddha amakhulupilira kuti njira za kulera ziyenera kuloledwa ndipo boma labwino liyenera kupereka mautumikiwa.

Mapiritsi oletsa kubereka ndi makondomu ndizovomerezeka kwambiri, ndipo Mabuddha ambiri amakonda makondomu. Malinga ndi Mechai Viravaidya, wandale komanso wovomerezeka ku Thailand, "malemba a Buddhist amanena kuti kubadwa kwambiri kumabweretsa mavuto, choncho chi Buddha sichikutsutsana ndi kulera. Ndipo tinakhalanso ndi amonke akuwaza madzi oyera pa mapiritsi ndi makondomu chifukwa cha chiyero cha banja lisanatumize kupita kumidzi. " Amalimbikitsa achibuda kuti "asamachite manyazi ndi kondomu. Zimangochokera ku mtengo wa rabara, ngati mpira wa tenisi. Ngati mukuchita manyazi ndi kondomu, muyenera kuchititsidwa manyazi ndi mpira wa tenisi. Pali mphira yambiri mmenemo. Mungagwiritse ntchito ngati buluni, ngati zokopa za njoka ndi kudula kwakukulu ndikugwiritsa ntchito kondomu ngati bulu la tsitsi. Ndi zinthu zabwino bwanji. "

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Mormonism

Kuletsa kubadwa sikuletsedwa mwachindunji ndi Mpingo wa Otsatira a Otsatira. Tchalitchi chimakhulupirira kuti chisankho chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kuti sichigwiritsa ntchito kubereka ndi chimodzimodzi chomwe chiyenera kugawana ndi mwamuna, mkazi, ndi Mulungu. Okwatirana amalimbikitsidwa kuthandizana wina ndi mzake mofanana. Kulera ana ndi ntchito yopatulika yomwe imayambitsa maanja oyandikana ndi Mulungu. Malinga ndi Tchalitchi cha LDS, ana ndi amodzi mwa madalitso akuluakulu m'moyo, ndipo kubadwa kwawo kukhala mabanja achikondi ndi olimbikitsa ndizofunikira pa zolinga za Mulungu zaumunthu. Pamene mwamuna ndi mkazi ali okhoza mwathupi, ali ndi mwayi ndi udindo wobweretsa ana padziko lapansi ndikuwathandiza. Tchalitchi sichimapereka malangizo okhudzana ndi chiwerengero cha ana, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kulera.

Ngakhale mawu ambiri akutsutsana ndi kulera, palibe mawu alionse ochokera kwa mtumwi aliyense amene akuvomereza ntchito yake. Atsogoleri onse a mpingo amalalikira uthenga womwewo: Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kubadwa kwa LDS ndikosemphana ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu, choncho kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kulera sikunalimbikitsidwe. Malemba a LDS General Handbook amasiya izo kwa okwatirana omwe angasankhe. Pambuyo pa kulingalira mwakuya ndi kupemphera, ngati abambo asankha kuti asakhale ndi ana panthawiyi, kulera sikuvomerezeka (osati kungodziletsa), chifukwa Mpingo ukuzindikira kuti kugonana kumakhala ndi malo ofunikira pofotokozera ndi kusonyeza mgwirizano wa chikondi .

Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti kukula kwa banja lalikulu pakati pa a Mormon si chifukwa chokana kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoberekera; Ndipotu, ma Mormon ali ndi mwayi wogwiritsira ntchito njira zamakono zoletsa kubereka monga mtundu wonsewo. Kusiyana kumeneku kungakhale kuti njira zothandizira kulera sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka atatha kulera ana kapena akugwiritsidwa ntchito mochepa, kotero kuti ma Mormon angakwanitse kukwaniritsa banja lawo lomwe likukhumba zazikulu.

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Aroma Katolika ndi Apresbateria

Mpingo wa Roma Katolika umaletsa kugonana kunja kwaukwati, kotero ziphunzitso zake zokhudzana ndi kulera ziyenera kumveka pambali ya mwamuna ndi mkazi. Chikatolika ndicho chokhacho chikhulupiliro chachikulu ku United States chomwe chimaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kulera. Tchalitchi chimaphunzitsa kuti kugonana kumakhala kosavuta komanso kubereka, motero kumatsutsana ndi njira zonse zothandizira kubereka komanso kuziletsa kuti zikhale zosavomerezeka - kudzinenera njira zoletsa kubereka kumalepheretsa kubereka, ndikupanga njira zobereka.

Kulera kwachilengedwe monga kubwereza nthawi ndi nthawi njira yokhayo yothandizira njira ya kulera. Katekisimu ya Tchalitchi cha Katolika imati kugonana kumakhala ndi cholinga chowiri: "zabwino za okwatirana okha ndi kufalitsa moyo (2363)." Komabe, ambiri Akatolika sagwirizana ndi lamulo loletsa kubereka; Ndipotu, kafukufuku amapeza kuti pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya amayi achikatolika ochita zachiwerewere omwe ali ndi zaka zakubadwa amagwiritsa ntchito njira yoletsa kubereka yomwe imaletsedwa ndi tchalitchi.

Mpingo wa Presbyterian:

Presbyterianism imalimbikitsanso kupeza njira zofanana zothandizira kubeleka . Kwenikweni, Tchalitchi cha Presbyterian chilimbikitsa malamulo omwe angafune makampani a inshuwalansi kuti apeze ndalama zoyendetsera kubereka, atsimikiza kuti chithandizo cha kulera ndi mbali ya chisamaliro chachikulu cha uchembere ndipo akuchenjeza kuti kutenga mimba zosayembekezereka kungachititse kuti chiwerengero cha ana aang'ono ndi imfa ya amayi apamwamba , ndi kuopseza kulemera kwa mabanja. Achipresbateria akhala akudandaulira Congress ndi purezidenti kuti aziphatikizanso njira zothandizira zaumoyo.

_Zotsatira:

_{Blumenthal (2007). Kugonjetsa Zopinga Zachikhalidwe mu Chisamaliro Chowongolera . Baylor College of Medicine.}

_{Mgwirizanowu wa Chipembedzo Chosankha Kubereka (2006) Zoona zachipembedzo pa Kulera . Itanani ku Justice.}

_{Thomas (2007) Moyo wa Banja . The Light Planet.}